{"id":1436,"date":"2017-06-12T10:47:27","date_gmt":"2017-06-12T08:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=1436"},"modified":"2017-12-07T12:32:59","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T11:32:59","slug":"eugene-garfield-16-9-1925-26-2-2017","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2017-22-1-2\/eugene-garfield-16-9-1925-26-2-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Eugene Garfield 16. 9. 1925 – 26. 2. 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jana Hercov\u00e1, NLK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eugene Garfield se narodil\u00a0v\u00a0Bronxu (New York) 16. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1925 do st\u0159edostavovsk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 rodiny. Jeho otcem byl Henry Garfinkle. Matku Edith v\u0161ak z\u00e1hy opustil. Rodinu, ve kter\u00e9 vyr\u016fstala je\u0161t\u011b o 2 roky star\u0161\u00ed sestra Sylvia, podporoval Editin bratr. Kdy\u017e trochu povyrostl, pom\u00e1hal matce s\u00a0rodinn\u00fdm rozpo\u010dtem tak\u00e9 Eugene – pracoval v\u00a0pr\u00e1deln\u011b, pom\u00e1hal v\u00a0hokyn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n

St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kola, kterou za\u010dal nav\u0161t\u011bvovat, byla Stuyvesant High School se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na v\u011bdu a matematiku. I p\u0159es dobr\u00e9 jm\u00e9no \u0161koly se tam v\u0161ak Eugene nec\u00edtil dob\u0159e. Krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho postr\u00e1dal v\u00fduku jazyk\u016f, a proto p\u0159e\u0161el na DeWitt Clinton High School. B\u011bhem \u0161koln\u00ed kari\u00e9ry nepat\u0159il k\u00a0nejlep\u0161\u00edm student\u016fm, ale p\u0159esto dokon\u010dil st\u0159edo\u0161kolsk\u00e1 studia o rok d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

\"Eugene<\/a>\nFOTO: Chemical Heritage Foundation, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Odkaz<\/a><\/p>\n

Na University of California v\u00a0Berkeley na pregradu\u00e1ln\u00edm kursu potkal svou prvn\u00ed \u017eenu Fay. Vzali se a narodil se jim syn Stefan. Fay je v\u0161ak opustila, kdy\u017e bylo Stefanovi pouze n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Pro Eugena to byly velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u010dasy. Sna\u017eil se starat o d\u00edt\u011b, vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat na \u017eivobyt\u00ed (pracoval po noc\u00edch jako taxik\u00e1\u0159)\u00a0 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 studovat. Absolvoval v\u00a0oboru chemie na Columbia University v\u00a0roce 1949.\u00a0 O 5 let pozd\u011bji z\u00edskal na stejn\u00e9 univerzit\u011b \u201eMaster\u2019s degree in Library Science\u201c . V\u00a0roce 1955 za\u010dal studium k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed hodnosti PhD. na University of Pennsylvania. Studia dokon\u010dil v\u00a0roce 1961 a jeho z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce nesla titul \u201eAn algorithm for translating chemical names to molecular formulas\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jeho rozmanit\u00e1 \u010dinnost v\u00a0oblasti v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunikace a informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bdy za\u010dala u\u017e v\u00a0roce 1951, kdy se E. Garfield zapojil do pr\u00e1ce na projektu Welch Medical Indexing Project na Johns Hopkins University. Projekt byl financov\u00e1n tehdej\u0161\u00ed Army Medical Library (p\u0159edch\u016fdkyn\u011b National Library\u00a0 of Medicine, USA). C\u00edlem projektu bylo vytvo\u0159it efektivn\u00ed principy vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed medic\u00ednsk\u00fdch informac\u00ed a vypracovat nov\u00e9 metody indexov\u00e1n\u00ed bio-medic\u00ednsk\u00e9 literatury. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou \u00falohou bylo zdokonalit Current List of Medical Literature (tento n\u00e1zev nesla ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 medic\u00ednsk\u00e1 bibliografie n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed – jednalo se o Index medicus, kter\u00fd za\u010dal v\u00a0roce 1879 vyd\u00e1vat jeho zakladatel J. S. Bilings; n\u00e1vrat k\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edmu n\u00e1zvu Index medicus pak p\u0159i\u0161el v\u00a0roce 1960). E. Garfield se pod\u00edlel na revizi v\u011bcn\u00fdch hesel u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v\u00a0Current List a tato pr\u00e1ce vy\u00fastila ve vytvo\u0159en\u00ed seznamu Subject Heading Authority List. Tento seznam se pak stal podkladem pro term\u00edny u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v\u00a0Index medicus a poslou\u017eil tak\u00e9 pro transformaci dat p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed na d\u011brn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtc\u00edch. Welch Project vytvo\u0159il teoretick\u00e9 a praktick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady syst\u00e9mu MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System).<\/p>\n

Garfield m\u011bl i pedagogick\u00e9 schopnosti. U\u010dil n\u011bkolik let na Pennsylv\u00e1nsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, ale pak tuto \u010dinnost ukon\u010dil a za\u010dal se zab\u00fdvat vytvo\u0159en\u00edm vlastn\u00ed firmy.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1955 za\u010dal vyd\u00e1vat obsahy publikac\u00ed z\u00a0oblasti soci\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd a managementu (Management\u2019s DocuMation Preview-MDP). Jeho prvn\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm klientem byly Bell Laboratories, kter\u00e9 odeb\u00edraly tento nov\u00fd informa\u010dn\u00ed zdroj v\u00a0500 kopi\u00edch. V\u00a0roce 1957 vytvo\u0159il obdobnou slu\u017ebu pro farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. L\u00e9ka\u0159i a dal\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00edci v\u00a0oblasti biomedic\u00edny z\u00edskali tak nov\u00fd zdroj informac\u00ed – Current Contents\/Pharmaco-Medical &Life Sciences.<\/p>\n

Ke sv\u00fdm aktivit\u00e1m pot\u0159eboval tak\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00e9 kancel\u00e1\u0159e. Za\u010d\u00e1tky byly opravdu skromn\u00e9. Jeho prvn\u00ed firemn\u00ed budovou byla upraven\u00e1 slepi\u010d\u00ed farma v\u00a0Thorofare (New Jersey), kterou pojmenoval Eugene Garfield Associates.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1958 kontaktoval E. Garfielda Dr. Joshua Ledeberg, kter\u00e9ho zaujal \u010dl\u00e1nek o cita\u010dn\u00edm indexu, kter\u00fd byl publikov\u00e1n v\u00a0\u010dasopise Science (Garfield E.: Citation Index for Science: A new Dimension in Documentation Through Association of Ideas. Science, 1955,122(3159):108-111.) Jejich korespondence a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce vedly roku 1961 ke vzniku Genetics Citation Index – multidisciplin\u00e1rn\u011b pojat\u00fd rejst\u0159\u00edk literatury. Od roku 1964 pak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vych\u00e1zet Science Citation Index (SCI) u\u017e jako publikace Institute for Scientific Information (nov\u00fd n\u00e1zev firmy byl zaveden v\u00a0roce 1960).<\/p>\n

Od roku 1961 se pak Garfield se spolupracovn\u00edky zaslou\u017eil o vznik cel\u00e9 \u0159ady informa\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Vznik\u00e1 Index Chemicus, Current Chemical Reaction, objevuj\u00ed se nov\u00e9 \u0159ady Current Contents, Automatic Subject Citation Alert (slu\u017ebu funguj\u00edc\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b profil\u016f vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo podle p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed zadavatele-SDI), Genuine Article (rychl\u00e9 dod\u00e1n\u00ed pln\u00e9ho textu \u010dl\u00e1nku \u010di jin\u00e9ho dokumentu), cita\u010dn\u00ed rejst\u0159\u00edk pro oblast soci\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd a dal\u0161\u00ed. Tenkr\u00e1t v\u0161e v\u00a0ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b, ale postupn\u011b se za\u010daly zapojovat i nov\u00e9 technologie v\u00a0podob\u011b magnetick\u00fdch p\u00e1sek, disket, CD-ROM nosi\u010d\u016f a\u017e po dne\u0161n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 on-line napojen\u00ed na servery Web of Science (dne\u0161n\u00ed n\u00e1zev p\u016fvodn\u00edho SCI).<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1975 se poprv\u00e9 jako samostatn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00edk objevuje Journal Citation Reports (JCR), i kdy\u017e my\u0161lenkov\u00fd z\u00e1klad spad\u00e1 do daleko d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby, do tvorby projekt\u016f k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00edch rejst\u0159\u00edk\u016f (rok 1955). Do t\u011bchto rejst\u0159\u00edku byly za\u0159azov\u00e1ny \u010dasopisy, kter\u00e9 u\u017e byly vyb\u00edr\u00e1ny podle \u201eimpakt faktoru<\/strong>\u201c\u00a0 (IF). Vyjad\u0159uje, kolikr\u00e1t je \u010dl\u00e1nek uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fd v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u010dasopise v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru citov\u00e1n. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010det ze dvou p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch let. Postupn\u011b byly stanovov\u00e1ny hodnoty za 5 a v\u00edce let, ale bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed. Fenom\u00e9n IF p\u0159inesl nov\u00fd pohled na hodnocen\u00ed \u201edopadu\u201c odborn\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b, ale na druhou stranu vyvolalo jeho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed publika\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti jednotliv\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0oblasti v\u011bdy \u0159adu kritick\u00fdch p\u0159ipom\u00ednek (viz obs\u00e1hl\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek M. \u0160p\u00e1ly a diskuse na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch \u010casopisu l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch v\u00a0roce 2006 a v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u00edch). Obecn\u011b v\u0161ak tyto snahy daly vzniknout nov\u00e9mu oboru \u2013 scientometrii<\/strong>. Napomohly sn\u00ed\u017eit duplicitu ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 vazby, identifikovat budouc\u00ed sm\u011bry mo\u017en\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, poskytly novou b\u00e1zi pro anal\u00fdzu informa\u010dn\u00edch tok\u016f. Bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, instituc\u00ed, odv\u011btv\u00ed, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f nebo \u010dasopis\u016f podle produktivity a jejich vlivu na jednotliv\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed v\u011bdy, cel\u00fdch discipl\u00edn a specializac\u00ed. Knihovnick\u00e1 komunita za\u010dala pou\u017e\u00edvat k orientaci v\u00a0z\u00e1plav\u011b informa\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f impakt faktor pro v\u00fdb\u011br \u010dasopis\u016f do sv\u00fdch fond\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1986 zalo\u017eil E. Garfield The Scientist, \u010dtrn\u00e1ctidenn\u00ed noviny pro profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky jako f\u00f3rum pro odborn\u00e9 diskuse.<\/p>\n

Za cel\u00fd sv\u016fj \u017eivot byl a\u017e do vysok\u00e9ho v\u011bku aktivn\u00edm \u010dlenem \u00factyhodn\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky spole\u010dnost\u00ed a \u010dlenem redak\u010dn\u00edch rad v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed. Za dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta existence Current Contents (CC) psal ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden \u00favodn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek (eseje), kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdval zaj\u00edmav\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami z\u00a0oblasti informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bdy, rovn\u011b\u017e byl autorem zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch rozbor\u016f a koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00a0CC jako Citation Classics. \u00dactyhodn\u00e1 byla tak\u00e9 jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1 \u010dinnost na v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch sympozi\u00edch a konferenc\u00edch. V\u00a0roce 1982 z\u00edskala Institut for Scientific Information firma Thompson Corporation, dnes pat\u0159\u00ed Clarivate Analytics.<\/p>\n

Byl dr\u017eitelem \u0159ady ocen\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. V\u00a0roce 1995 obdr\u017eel \u010destn\u00fd doktor\u00e1t Karlovy univerzity za \u201ez\u00e1sluhy o rozvoj integrovan\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed bibliografick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f pro v\u00fdzkum se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 a biologick\u00e9 v\u011bdy\u201c.<\/p>\n

Zem\u0159el na krv\u00e1cen\u00ed do mozku po p\u00e1du a \u00farazu hlavy 26. \u00fanora 2017. V\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b pou\u017e\u00edval kardiostimul\u00e1tor a l\u00e9ky na \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed krve. Z\u016fstali po n\u011bm man\u017eelka Meher, t\u0159i synov\u00e9 a dcera, nevlastn\u00ed dcera a vnou\u010data s\u00a0pravnou\u010daty.<\/p>\n

Jeho bohat\u00e1 publika\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnost je dostupn\u00e1 voln\u011b na adrese: http:\/\/www.garfield.library.upenn.edu\/<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<\/strong><\/p>\n

HERCOV\u00c1, Jana. Dr. Eugene Garfield – 75. narozeniny. L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/em>, 2000, Ro\u010d. 5, \u010d. 5\/6, s. 11-14. ISSN: 1211-3255.<\/p>\n

PFEIFER, Ivan \u2014 HERCOV\u00c1, Jana. T\u00e9ma “impakt faktor” v datab\u00e1zi Bibliographia medica \u010dechoslovaca. L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/em>, 2011, ro\u010d. 16, \u010d. 1-2. ISSN: 1211-3255<\/p>\n

\u0160P\u00c1LA, Milan. Impakt faktor – dobr\u00fd sluha, ale \u0161patn\u00fd p\u00e1n. \u010casopis l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch<\/em>, 2006, Ro\u010d. 145, \u010d. 1, s. 69-78. ISSN: 0008-7335.<\/p>\n

Scientometrics pionner Eugene Garfield dies. The Scientist<\/em>, February 27, 2017 (Daily news). Dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/48636\/title\/Scientometrics-Pioneer-Eugene-Garfield-Dies\/.<\/p>\n

SEN, BK. Eugene Garfield \u2013 an obituarity. Annals of Library and Information Studies<\/em>, 2017, 64, No.1. Dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/op.niscair.res.in\/index.php\/ALIS\/article\/view\/17585\/1206.<\/p>\n

\r\n

Citace<\/h2>\r\n

HERCOV\u00c1, Jana. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i> [online]. 2017, ro\u010d. 22, \u010d. 1-2 [cit. 05.11.2026]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1436<\/a>. ISSN 1804-2031.<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jana Hercov\u00e1, NLK Eugene Garfield se narodil\u00a0v\u00a0Bronxu (New York) 16. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1925 do st\u0159edostavovsk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 rodiny. Jeho otcem byl Henry Garfinkle. Matku Edith v\u0161ak z\u00e1hy opustil. Rodinu, ve kter\u00e9 vyr\u016fstala je\u0161t\u011b o 2 roky star\u0161\u00ed sestra Sylvia, podporoval Editin bratr. Kdy\u017e trochu povyrostl, pom\u00e1hal matce s\u00a0rodinn\u00fdm rozpo\u010dtem tak\u00e9 Eugene – pracoval v\u00a0pr\u00e1deln\u011b, pom\u00e1hal v\u00a0hokyn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":1327,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-1436","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1436"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2214,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1436\/revisions\/2214"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}