{"id":3656,"date":"2018-12-20T13:40:52","date_gmt":"2018-12-20T12:40:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=3656"},"modified":"2018-12-20T13:40:52","modified_gmt":"2018-12-20T12:40:52","slug":"zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2018-23-3-4\/zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost\/","title":{"rendered":"Zdrav\u00ed a nemoc v pov\u011bdom\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f od prav\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alexandra SUR\u00c1, NLK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Problematika zdrav\u00ed a nemoci je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 dob\u011b. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de byla pro v\u011bt\u0161inu populace t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00e1, byly znalosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zdrav\u00ed a nemoci t\u00edm jedin\u00fdm, o co se mohl jedinec p\u0159i absenci l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010di zdravotnick\u00e9 pomoci op\u0159\u00edt. N\u00e1zory co prosp\u00edv\u00e1, \u010di naopak \u0161kod\u00ed lidsk\u00e9mu organismu, jak l\u00e9\u010dit tu \u010di onu chorobu, a jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159edch\u00e1zet nemocem, proch\u00e1zely pochopiteln\u011b v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed ur\u010ditou prom\u011bnou a v\u00fdvojem.<\/p>\n

R\u00e1di bychom v\u00e1s prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tohoto seri\u00e1lu sezn\u00e1mili se znalostmi, kter\u00e9 m\u011bli na\u0161i\u00a0 p\u0159edci \u201ezdravotni\u010dt\u00ed laici\u201c o sv\u00e9m t\u011ble, zdrav\u00ed a nemoci od prav\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost.<\/p>\n

Prav\u011bk<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prav\u011bk je nejstar\u0161\u00edm a nejdel\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm d\u011bjin lidstva. Obdob\u00ed prav\u011bku lze rozd\u011blit podle zp\u016fsobu z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed potravy na obdob\u00ed p\u0159isvojovac\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a obdob\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u00a0prvn\u00edm z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch obdob\u00ed, ozna\u010dovan\u00e9m tak\u00e9 jako obdob\u00ed lovecko-sb\u011bra\u010dsk\u00e9 kultury, byl \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00e1visl\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. \u017divil se ulovenou zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed, ze kter\u00e9 poj\u00eddal svalovinu, vnit\u0159nosti a tu\u010dnou k\u016f\u017ei. Jednalo se o potravu bohatou na b\u00edlkoviny a miner\u00e1ly. Krom\u011b \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 potravy se lid\u00e9 \u017eivili sb\u011brem divoce rostouc\u00edch plodin. [2, 3, 5, 6, 8] Jeskyn\u011b a skaln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161ky slou\u017eily jako \u00fakryt p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm po\u010das\u00edm. Migrace lid\u00ed za potravou zabra\u0148ovala zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f a nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu hromad\u011bn\u00ed odpadk\u016f. Podle patologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn nalezen\u00fdch na kostern\u00edch poz\u016fstatc\u00edch se vyskytovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 vrozen\u00e9 vady, degenerativn\u00ed zm\u011bny vznikl\u00e9 fyzickou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed a z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. \u010cast\u00fdm n\u00e1lezem jsou stopy po zran\u011bn\u00ed, ke kter\u00fdm do\u0161lo p\u0159i lovu nebo \u00fatoku divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e. Konzumace nedostate\u010dn\u011b tepeln\u011b upraven\u00e9ho masa p\u0159edstavovala riziko n\u00e1kazy parazity. [2, 3, 5, 6, 9] Zubn\u00ed kaz se objevoval vz\u00e1cn\u011b. Ztr\u00e1ty zub\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou patrn\u00e9 na dochovan\u00fdch lebk\u00e1ch, byly zp\u016fsobeny nej\u010dast\u011bji \u00farazem nebo z\u00e1n\u011btem. [9, 10]<\/p>\n

\"\"

Hol\u00fd vrch, v jeho\u017e lokalit\u011b (u cesty z \u00dan\u011btic do Roztok) bylo roztock\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159em \u010ce\u0148kem R\u00fdznerem (1845-1923) nalezeno poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b kultury, ze star\u0161\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 byla pozd\u011bji pojmenovan\u00e1 jako \u00fan\u011btick\u00e1 kultura. FOTO: Alexandra Sur\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

V obdob\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed (neolitick\u00e1 revoluce) \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00ed a chovu dobytka. Zhotovuje si primitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161ky a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se usedlej\u0161\u00edm. Soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva na jednom m\u00edst\u011b sehr\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu v\u00a0p\u0159enosu infek\u010dn\u00edch chorob. Ub\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00faraz\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch lovem, jeliko\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk soust\u0159e\u010fuje na lov men\u0161\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159e, nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00faraz\u016f z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch st\u0159etnut\u00ed. Na dochovan\u00fdch kostern\u00edch poz\u016fstatc\u00edch se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed stopy po zran\u011bn\u00ed \u010di z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00fdch procesech, vrozen\u00e9 poruchy, \u010dast\u00e9 jsou degenerativn\u00ed l\u00e9ze. [2, 3, 5, 6, 9] Zm\u011bna stravy, kter\u00e1 nyn\u00ed obsahuje v\u00edce polysacharid\u016f, m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt kazivosti zub\u016f. Pokrm, kter\u00fd obsahuje kousky drti z\u00a0kamenn\u00fdch ml\u00fdnk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na drcen\u00ed obilnin, zp\u016fsobuje abrazi zub\u016f. [3, 5, 9, 10]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 m\u011bl \u010dlov\u011bk v tomto prehistorick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed znalosti ohledn\u011b zdrav\u00ed a nemoci? Jak tyto informace z\u00edsk\u00e1val? Byl schopen tyto informace vyu\u017e\u00edvat?<\/p>\n

P\u0159i zran\u011bn\u00ed nebo v\u00a0nemoci se \u010dlov\u011bk nejprve \u0159\u00eddil instinktem. Sv\u00e9pomoc\u00ed si nap\u0159\u00edklad pokou\u0161el vyndat z\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 r\u00e1ny ciz\u00ed t\u011bleso, zastavit krv\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010di chladit zan\u00edcen\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Postupem \u010dasu, na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enost\u00ed, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 poznatky, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble. Zji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee ciz\u00ed t\u011bleso vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 zarudnut\u00ed a hnis\u00e1n\u00ed r\u00e1ny, prasknut\u00ed hnisav\u00e9ho abscesu a n\u00e1sledn\u00fd odtok hnisu zp\u016fsobuje \u00falevu, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 m\u00edsto m\u00e1 tendenci ot\u00e9kat a poz\u0159en\u00ed nevhodn\u00e9 stravy \u010dasto vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 nevolnost \u010di otravu. Prav\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9 vypozorovali souvislosti mezi ur\u010dit\u00fdmi jevy (zran\u011bn\u00ed, prochladnut\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 aktivita, poz\u0159en\u00ed nevhodn\u00e9 stravy, n\u00e1kaza v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti nemocn\u00e9 osoby, d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00ed hladov\u011bn\u00ed a nedostatek vody) a mo\u017en\u00fdmi zdravotn\u00edmi probl\u00e9my. Tyto znalosti za\u010daly b\u00fdt vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny za \u00fa\u010delem p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed zdravotn\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm (vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se nevhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b, ochrana p\u0159ed poran\u011bn\u00edm nebo prochladnut\u00edm). [2, 3, 5, 6] Podle anal\u00fdzy organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu z\u00a0archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165, se v\u00a0prav\u011bku k\u00a0l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaly l\u00e1tky rostlinn\u00e9ho, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho a miner\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u016fvodu, z\u00a0nich\u017e se p\u0159ipravovaly n\u00e1poje, lektvary \u010di pokrmy. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek k\u00a0l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm vy\u017eadovalo jist\u00e9 znalosti o \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch a zp\u016fsobu p\u0159\u00edpravy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch surovin. [2, 4, 5, 6, 7] D\u00edky dochovan\u00e9mu kostern\u00edmu materi\u00e1lu, na kter\u00e9m jsou patrny zn\u00e1mky po hojen\u00ed a srostl\u00e9 fraktury, lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat ur\u010dit\u00e9 znalosti a dovednosti, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch poran\u011bn\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1prav fraktur. [2, 3, 5, 6, 9] L\u00e9\u010den\u00ed nemocn\u00fdch se \u010dasto odehr\u00e1valo uvnit\u0159 komunity a p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed byli sv\u011bdky l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch procedur.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, byl p\u016fvod nemoci spat\u0159ov\u00e1n v\u00a0p\u016fsoben\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch sil. Za \u00fa\u010delem vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u011bly r\u016fzn\u00e9 magicko-l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 \u00fakony a ritu\u00e1ly, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem bylo o\u010distit nemocn\u00e9ho od vlivu zl\u00fdch sil. V\u00fdznamnou roli sehr\u00e1l \u0161aman, kter\u00fd byl pova\u017eovan\u00fd za prost\u0159edn\u00edka mezi p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky komunity a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi silami. P\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed nemocn\u00e9ho hr\u00e1ly d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu r\u016fzn\u00e9 magick\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty. Amulety a feti\u0161e se pou\u017e\u00edvaly k\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo obnov\u011b zdrav\u00ed, k udr\u017een\u00ed \u010di nabyt\u00ed s\u00edly, k\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed plodnosti, k\u00a0ochran\u011b p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edtelem a proti \u00fatoku divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e. So\u0161ky rod\u00edc\u00edch \u017een ochra\u0148ovaly \u017eenu v\u00a0t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed a b\u011bhem porodu. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1]<\/p>\n

Prav\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk d\u00edky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 konfrontaci s p\u0159\u00edrodou, nemoc\u00ed, l\u00e9\u010den\u00edm, uzdravov\u00e1n\u00edm, um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm a smrt\u00ed, z\u00edsk\u00e1val poznatky, kter\u00e9 byl schopen vyu\u017e\u00edvat ve prosp\u011bch sv\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] RAMBA, Ji\u0159\u00ed. Slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 lebky: antropologicko-l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy jako pomocn\u00edci historie. Ji\u0159\u00ed Ramba.<\/em> Praha: Gal\u00e9n, c2005. Makropulos. ISBN 80-7262-325-7. s. 29-30.<\/p>\n

[2] CHLUMSK\u00c1, Eva. D\u011bjiny \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. <\/em>D\u00edl 1, Od prav\u011bku do roku 1740. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed pedagogick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed, 1965. U\u010debn\u00ed texty vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol. s. 3-19.<\/p>\n

[3] \u0158\u00cdHOV\u00c1, Milada. Kapitoly z d\u011bjin l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/em> Praha: Karolinum, 2005. U\u010debn\u00ed texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. ISBN 80-246-1021-3. s. 7-13.<\/p>\n

[4] NIKL\u00cd\u010cEK, Ladislav. P\u0159ehled d\u011bjin \u010desk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed a zdravotnictv\u00ed.<\/em> 1. d\u00edl, Do roku 1945. Brno: Institut pro dal\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159. zdravot. pracovn\u00edk\u016f, 1989. Kni\u017enice Institutu pro dal\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a farmaceut\u016f. ISBN 80-7013-032-6. s. 4-5.<\/p>\n

[5] SVOBODN\u00dd, Petr a Ludmila HLAV\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1. D\u011bjiny l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/em> Praha: Triton, 2004. ISBN 80-7254-424 -1. s. 11-18.<\/p>\n

[6] PORTER, Roy. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dobrodin\u00ed lidstva: historie medic\u00edny od starov\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost.<\/em> Praha: Kni\u017en\u00ed klub, 2001. Obzor. ISBN 80-7260-052-4. s. 32-34, 51- 54.<\/p>\n

[7] KETTNER, Petr. L\u00e9ky, l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed a \u0161arlat\u00e1ni.<\/em> Praha: Horizont, 1988. Otazn\u00edk. s. 21-23.<\/p>\n

[8] BERANOV\u00c1, Magdalena. J\u00eddlo a pit\u00ed v prav\u011bku a ve st\u0159edov\u011bku.<\/em> Praha: Academia, 2005. ISBN 80-200-1340-7. s. 17-22.<\/p>\n

[9] HOR\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1, Ladislava, Eugen STROUHAL, Lenka VARGOV\u00c1 a Jaroslav MALINA. Panor\u00e1ma biologick\u00e9 a sociokulturn\u00ed antropologie: modulov\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed texty pro studenty antropologie a “p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch” obor\u016f.<\/em> 15, Z\u00e1klady paleopatologie \/ Ladislava Hor\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, Eugen Strouhal, Lenka Vargov\u00e1. Brno: Nadace Universitas Masarykiana, 2004. Scientia. ISBN 80-7204-274-2. s. 37-78, 177-185.<\/p>\n

[10] STR\u00c1NSK\u00c1, Petra. Mo\u017enosti hodnocen\u00ed dent\u00e1ln\u00ed patologie na archeologick\u00e9m kostrov\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu: prevalence zubn\u00edho kazu od prav\u011bku po novov\u011bk. \u010casopis l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch.<\/em> 2013, 152(4), 196-205. ISSN 0008-7335.<\/p>\n

\r\n

Citace<\/h2>\r\n

SUR\u00c1, Alexandra. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i> [online]. 2018, ro\u010d. 23, \u010d. 3-4 [cit. 05.11.2026]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3656<\/a>. ISSN 1804-2031.<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexandra SUR\u00c1, NLK Problematika zdrav\u00ed a nemoci je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 dob\u011b. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de byla pro v\u011bt\u0161inu populace t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00e1, byly znalosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zdrav\u00ed a nemoci t\u00edm jedin\u00fdm, o co se mohl jedinec p\u0159i absenci l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010di zdravotnick\u00e9 pomoci op\u0159\u00edt. N\u00e1zory co prosp\u00edv\u00e1, \u010di naopak \u0161kod\u00ed lidsk\u00e9mu organismu, jak l\u00e9\u010dit tu \u010di onu chorobu, a jak\u00fdm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":3665,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-3656","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3656"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3656\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4053,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3656\/revisions\/4053"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3665"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3656"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3656"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}