{"id":4274,"date":"2019-06-27T10:18:06","date_gmt":"2019-06-27T08:18:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=4274"},"modified":"2019-06-27T15:16:16","modified_gmt":"2019-06-27T13:16:16","slug":"zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-stredovek","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2019-24-1-2\/zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-stredovek\/","title":{"rendered":"Zdrav\u00ed a nemoc v pov\u011bdom\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f od prav\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost – St\u0159edov\u011bk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mgr. Alexandra SUR\u00c1, Ph.D., NLK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se vyv\u00edjelo l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed na z\u00e1pad\u011b po rozpadu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e?<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdvoj l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti b\u00fdval\u00e9 Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e v dob\u011b ran\u00e9ho a vrcholn\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozd\u011blit na obdob\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed medic\u00edny a obdob\u00ed scholastick\u00e9 univerzitn\u00ed medic\u00edny.<\/p>\n

Kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed nebo tak\u00e9 mni\u0161sk\u00e1 medic\u00edna se v Evrop\u011b datuje od 5. do prvn\u00ed poloviny 12. stolet\u00ed. \u0158eholn\u00edci se krom\u011b teologie, zab\u00fdvali tak\u00e9 sepisov\u00e1n\u00edm a uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm rukopis\u016f s p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdnou a l\u00e9ka\u0159skou tematikou, v kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch zahrad\u00e1ch p\u011bstovali byliny, z kter\u00fdch p\u0159ipravovali l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky a provozovali kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed l\u00e9k\u00e1rny. Rovn\u011b\u017e se soust\u0159e\u010fovali na p\u00e9\u010di o nemocn\u00e9. 1,2,6<\/sup><\/p>\n

V obdob\u00ed scholastick\u00e9 medic\u00edny (12.-16. stolet\u00ed) doch\u00e1zelo nejprve v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy, pozd\u011bji i v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch, k rozvoji univerzit a univerzitn\u00ed v\u00fduky medic\u00edny. Jej\u00edm z\u00e1kladem bylo antick\u00e9, hippokratovsko-\u00a0gal\u00e9novsk\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o \u010dty\u0159ech t\u011bln\u00edch \u0161\u0165\u00e1v\u00e1ch (krev, hlen, \u017elu\u010d, \u010dern\u00e1 \u017elu\u010d). Z t\u00e9to teorie vypl\u00fdvaly i diagnostick\u00e9 a terapeutick\u00e9 metody a postupy, kter\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvali. 1,3,4,5,6,7<\/sup><\/p>\n

Kde mohl st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00edskat znalosti, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly zdrav\u00ed a nemoci?<\/h3>\n

Krom\u011b l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch spis\u016f psan\u00fdch v latin\u011b, jako\u017eto v jazyku univerzitn\u00ed medic\u00edny, se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed objevovat populariza\u010dn\u00ed spisy, kter\u00e9 jsou ps\u00e1ny vernakul\u00e1rn\u00edm jazykem a jsou srozumiteln\u00e9 laick\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 obci. Tyto spisy zpravidla pojedn\u00e1valy o spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u017eivotospr\u00e1v\u011b, o p\u0159\u00edznac\u00edch a l\u00e9\u010db\u011b ur\u010dit\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed. 6,4<\/sup><\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v dob\u011b epidemi\u00ed byla populace obezn\u00e1mena s p\u0159\u00edznaky a pr\u016fb\u011bhem ur\u010dit\u00e9 naka\u017eliv\u00e9 choroby a opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla zabr\u00e1nit jej\u00edmu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. V 11.-13. stolet\u00ed se ze St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu b\u011bhem k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b lepra. Projevy tohoto infek\u010dn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na lepr\u00f3zn\u00ed l\u00e9ze maj\u00edc\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek znetvo\u0159en\u00ed nemocn\u00e9ho, vzbuzovaly strach a odpor. K izolov\u00e1n\u00ed nemocn\u00fdch leprou slou\u017eila lepros\u00e1ria, kter\u00e1 byla zpravidla umis\u0165ov\u00e1na p\u0159ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi hradbami. V obecnou zn\u00e1most ve\u0161la na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ukl\u00e1dala posti\u017een\u00fdm vych\u00e1zet pouze za soumraku, nosit zdaleka viditeln\u00e1 znamen\u00ed a na sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edchod upozor\u0148ovat zvon\u011bn\u00edm nebo \u0159ehta\u010dkou, aby zdrav\u00ed lid\u00e9 sta\u010dili v\u010das ut\u00e9ct. 5,6,8,9<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"

Pevnost na ostrov\u011b Spinalonga slou\u017eila jako lepros\u00e1rium. FOTO: Pixabay<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

V polovin\u011b 14. stolet\u00ed zasahuje Evropu epidemie moru, kter\u00e1 dostala pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dern\u00e1 smrt. Opodstatn\u011bn\u00fd strach z n\u00e1kazy vyvol\u00e1val r\u016fzn\u00e9 reakce populace projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se zoufalstv\u00edm, hyenismem, agres\u00ed proti domn\u011bl\u00fdm vin\u00edk\u016fm, flagelantstv\u00edm \u010di hromadn\u00fdmi orgiemi. Zp\u016fsob tehdej\u0161\u00ed ochrany p\u0159ed n\u00e1kazou p\u0159irozen\u011b z\u00e1visel na dobov\u00fdch poznatc\u00edch o p\u016fvodu a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoci. Krom\u011b protimorov\u00fdch trakt\u00e1t\u016f psan\u00fdch v latin\u011b, vznikaly tak\u00e9 \u010desky psan\u00e9 protimorov\u00e9 spisy, pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edznac\u00edch moru a ochran\u011b proti n\u011bmu. Doporu\u010doval se vesm\u011bs \u00fat\u011bk ze zamo\u0159en\u00e9 oblasti, k\u00a0profylaktick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm m\u011bly poslou\u017eit tak\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (byliny) p\u0159idr\u017eovan\u00e9 u nosu, pomoci m\u011blo tak\u00e9 pit\u00ed protimorov\u00e9ho dry\u00e1ku. M\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady vyd\u00e1valy vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky, na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a morn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy, ve kter\u00fdch se nach\u00e1zely pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 instrukce, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly izolace nemocn\u00fdch, pohybu obyvatelstva, z\u00e1kazu vstupu tul\u00e1k\u016f a \u017eebr\u00e1k\u016f do m\u011bst, p\u00e1len\u00ed majetku zem\u0159el\u00fdch a\u00a0 hromadn\u00fdch poh\u0159b\u016f. D\u00edky z\u00edskan\u00fdm informac\u00edm, se lid\u00e9 mohli zapojit\u00a0 do pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a doporu\u010dovan\u00fdch preventivn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. 5, 6, 8, 10<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"

Lept: mor ve Florencii, 1348. FOTO: Wellcome Collection. CC BY<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Jakou \u00falohu m\u011blo lidov\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed?<\/h3>\n

Lidov\u00e9mu l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed se v\u011bnovali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm venkov\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditel\u00e9, ko\u0159en\u00e1\u0159ky a porodn\u00ed b\u00e1by.6 <\/sup>Provozov\u00e1n\u00ed lidov\u00e9ho l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed nebylo omezeno pouze na uveden\u00e9 osoby, ale znalosti ur\u010dit\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch postup\u016f jsou p\u0159isuzov\u00e1ny i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti. M\u00edn\u00ed se, \u017ee v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 magicko – l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 praktiky byly obecn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny. N\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 postupy se p\u0159ed\u00e1valy genera\u010dn\u011b. \u010clov\u011bk si byl schopen o\u0161et\u0159it lehk\u00e1 zran\u011bn\u00ed, ke kter\u00fdm b\u011b\u017en\u011b doch\u00e1zelo p\u0159i manu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. K l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ran se vyu\u017e\u00edvaly byliny a substance ze zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch t\u011bl. V\u011bt\u0161inou se jednalo o snadno dostupn\u00e9 ingredience, zejm\u00e9na byliny rostouc\u00ed v okol\u00ed obydl\u00ed a suroviny z dom\u00e1c\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at (vnit\u0159nosti, krev, s\u00e1dlo, \u017elu\u010d, ml\u00e9ko, v\u00fdkaly). Do p\u0159\u00edpravy l\u00e9k\u016f byly zahrnuty r\u016fzn\u00e9 magick\u00e9 prvky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad sb\u011br bylin byl doporu\u010dov\u00e1n za ur\u010dit\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159i \u00fapl\u0148ku nebo o p\u016flnoci. P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f pro podpo\u0159en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku bylo nutn\u00e9 od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou kouzelnou formulku. Sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto v lidov\u00e9m l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed m\u011bly amulety, kter\u00fdm se p\u0159isuzovaly jak profylaktick\u00e9 tak l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Z\u00edsk\u00e1valy se ze zv\u00ed\u0159at (kosti, \u00fady, \u0161upiny, chlupy, zuby) z nerost\u016f a rostlin. Amulety se nej\u010dast\u011bji zav\u011b\u0161ovaly kolem krku, pasu nebo na stehno, tak\u00e9 se vkl\u00e1daly do obuvi nebo zdobily \u0161perky. 11,12<\/sup><\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 znalosti o sv\u00e9m t\u011ble, period\u011b, po\u010det\u00ed, t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed a porodu m\u011bly \u017eeny?<\/h3>\n

Zn\u00e1mkou t\u011blesn\u00e9 dosp\u011blosti \u017eeny byla perioda. Dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edvka byla o projevu sv\u00e9 zralosti zpravidla pou\u010dena od sv\u00e9 matky, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 \u010di kamar\u00e1dky. Menstruace byla spojov\u00e1na s plodn\u00fdm obdob\u00edm \u017eeny. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dina opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 menstruace byla spat\u0159ov\u00e1na, krom\u011b t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, tak\u00e9 v nemoci. Problematika t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, porodu a \u0161estined\u011bl\u00ed byla z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9 komunity. T\u011bhotenstv\u00ed bylo prov\u00e1zeno \u0159adou pov\u011br, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem byla ochrana t\u011bhotn\u00e9 a zaru\u010den\u00ed narozen\u00ed zdrav\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte. P\u0159ed\u00e1valy se zku\u0161enosti, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly zejm\u00e9na stravy a fyzick\u00e9 aktivity \u017eeny v nad\u011bji. B\u011bhem t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed se doporu\u010dovala pohlavn\u00ed zdr\u017eenlivost.17<\/sup> Porody prob\u00edhaly doma, obvykle za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti porodn\u00ed b\u00e1by a \u017een z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed rodi\u010dky. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed znalosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pr\u016fb\u011bhu porodu, kter\u00e9 \u017eeny nabyly na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti, z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota opakuj\u00edc\u00edmi porody. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o porodn\u00ed bolesti ohla\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed porod, odtok plodov\u00e9 vody, nutnost tla\u010den\u00ed a pot\u0159eba vypuzen\u00ed placenty. Z\u0159ejm\u011b i o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed novorozence skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z podv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed pupe\u010dn\u00edku, umyt\u00ed a ochrany p\u0159ed prochladnut\u00edm pat\u0159ilo k dovednostem, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ed\u00e1valy z generace na generaci. Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 byly abortivn\u00ed praktiky, vyvol\u00e1van\u00e9 rostlinn\u00fdmi abortivy nebo mechanick\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm na plod.6, 13, 14, 15,17<\/sup><\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk vn\u00edmal um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a smrt?<\/h3>\n

\"\"

FOTO: Pixabay<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku byla v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota nevyhnutelnost smrti neust\u00e1le p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1na. Na lidskou smrtelnost se \u00a0upozor\u0148ovalo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ned\u011bln\u00edho k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ovaly prakticky v\u0161echny vrstvy spole\u010dnosti. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed zde hovo\u0159ili o pom\u00edjivosti a \u00a0konci pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota \u010di o posledn\u00edm soudu. Slou\u017eily se \u010dasto (vzhledem k vysok\u00e9 \u00famrtnosti) m\u0161e za zem\u0159el\u00e9 a orodovalo se za du\u0161e v\u00a0o\u010distci. Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee se um\u00edralo doma v kruhu bl\u00edzk\u00fdch, \u010dlov\u011bk byl p\u0159irozen\u011b konfrontov\u00e1n s\u00a0um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edm. Popul\u00e1rn\u00edm st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdm v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tanec smrti \u201ehl\u00e1saj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c Memento mori (Pamatuj, \u017ee jsi smrteln\u00fd). Ur\u010ditou roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vztahu st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka ke smrti hr\u00e1la i vysok\u00e1 \u00famrtnost. Lid\u00e9 se b\u00e1li zem\u0159\u00edt v\u00a0h\u0159\u00edchu, z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byl povol\u00e1n k\u00a0um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edmu kn\u011bz, aby mu dal rozh\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Kolem smrteln\u00e9ho lo\u017ee se zpravidla shroma\u017e\u010fovali p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, soused\u00e9 \u010di p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci cechu, kte\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159i\u0161li s\u00a0um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edm rozlou\u010dit. Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edprava na smrt poukazuje na fakt, \u017ee lid\u00e9 byli schopni rozeznat p\u0159\u00edznaky bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se smrti. P\u0159i pochybnostech, zda doty\u010dn\u00fd je skute\u010dn\u011b mrtv\u00fd se pozorovalo d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, tlukot srdce, zbarven\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee, ztuhnut\u00ed t\u011bla a mrtvoln\u00fd z\u00e1pach. Zatla\u010den\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed, zav\u0159en\u00ed \u00fast a p\u0159ipraven\u00ed do rakve prov\u00e1d\u011bli p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, ti tak\u00e9 n\u011bjakou dobu bd\u011bli u zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.16,18 <\/sup>Stejn\u011b tak jako rozen\u00ed, \u017eivot, zdrav\u00ed a nemoc, pat\u0159ila i smrt do pov\u011bdom\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed knihtisku m\u011blo vliv na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed produkci a dostupnost populariza\u010dn\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch spis\u016f. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku novov\u011bku za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vych\u00e1zet ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0 \u017eivotospr\u00e1vu, trakt\u00e1ty pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o r\u016fzn\u00fdch nemocech, herb\u00e1\u0159e a rostlin\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 jsou ji\u017e p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 daleko \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm vrstv\u00e1m gramotn\u00e9ho obyvatelstva, ne\u017e tomu bylo ve st\u0159edov\u011bku.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

Literatura:<\/h3>\n

1. \u0158\u00cdHOV\u00c1, Milada. Kapitoly z d\u011bjin l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Praha: Karolinum, 2005. U\u010debn\u00ed texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. ISBN 80-246-1021-3. s. 49-54, 60-61.<\/p>\n

2. SVOBODN\u00dd, Petr. D\u011bjiny v\u00fduky medic\u00edny a zdravotnick\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. 2. Historie st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f a kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed medic\u00edny. Zdravotnick\u00e9 noviny. 1996, 45(7), 6. ISSN 0044-1996.<\/p>\n

3. SLADK\u00c1, Jaroslava. Po\u010d\u00e1tky univerzitn\u00ed medic\u00edny v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Zdravotnictv\u00ed a medic\u00edna.\u00a0 2014(1), 18-19. ISSN 2336-2987.<\/p>\n

4. SLADK\u00c1, Jaroslava. Po\u010d\u00e1tky univerzitn\u00ed medic\u00edny v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Zdravotnictv\u00ed a medic\u00edna. 2014, 2014(3), 34-35. ISSN 2336-2987.<\/p>\n

5. PORTER, Roy. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dobrodin\u00ed lidstva: historie medic\u00edny od starov\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost. Praha: Prostor, 2001. Obzor (Prostor). ISBN 80-7260-052-4. s. 129-132, 144-151.<\/p>\n

6. SVOBODN\u00dd, Petr a Ludmila HLAV\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1.\u00a0D\u011bjiny l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Praha: Triton, 2004. ISBN 80-7254-424-1. s.19- 26, 29-32, 35-38, 40-42.<\/p>\n

7. NIKL\u00cd\u010cEK, Ladislav. P\u0159ehled d\u011bjin \u010desk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed a zdravotnictv\u00ed. 1. d\u00edl, Do roku 1945. Brno: Institut pro dal\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159. zdravot. pracovn\u00edk\u016f, 1989. Kni\u017enice Institutu pro dal\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a farmaceut\u016f. ISBN 80-7013-032-6. s. 5-9.<\/p>\n

8. HOR\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1, Ladislava, Eugen STROUHAL a Lenka VARGOV\u00c1, MALINA, Jaroslav, ed. Panor\u00e1ma biologick\u00e9 a sociokulturn\u00ed antropologie: modulov\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed texty pro studenty antropologie a “p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch” obor\u016f. V Brn\u011b: Nadace Universitas Masarykiana, 2004. Scientia (Nadace Universitatis Masarykiana). ISBN 80-7204-274-2. s. 112-117.<\/p>\n

9. K, Fran\u00e7a, Castillo D, Alharbi M, Lotti T, Fioranelli M a Roccia MG. A synopsis of the history of Hansen’s disease. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) [online]. 2017, 167(Suppl 1), 27-29 [cit. 2019-05-01]. DOI: 10.1007\/s10354-017-0590-2. ISSN 1563258X.<\/p>\n

10. BERGDOLT, Klaus. \u010cern\u00e1 smrt v Evrop\u011b: velk\u00fd mor a konec st\u0159edov\u011bku. P\u0159elo\u017eil Jan HLAVI\u010cKA. Praha: Vy\u0161ehrad, 2002. Kulturn\u00ed historie. ISBN 80-7021-541-0. s. 19-25, 152-158.<\/p>\n

11. TOM\u00cd\u010cEK, David. V\u00edra, rozum a zku\u0161enost v lidov\u00e9m l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed pozdn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch \u010cech \/ David Tom\u00ed\u010dek. 2009. ISBN 9788074141775. s. 33-34, 98-102,<\/p>\n

12. KIECKHEFER, Richard. Magie ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Praha: Argo, 2005. Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot. ISBN 80-7203-660-2. s. 84-88, 95-96.<\/p>\n

13. DOLE\u017dAL, Anton\u00edn. Od babictv\u00ed k porodnictv\u00ed. Praha: Karolinum, 2001. ISBN 80-246-0277-6. s. 23-27,79-80.<\/p>\n

14. RIDDLE, John M. Eve’s herbs: a history of contraception and abortion in the West. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997. ISBN 067427024X, s. 87-90.<\/p>\n

15. K, Garay a Jeay M. Advice concerning pregnancy and health in late medieval Europe: peasant women’s wisdom in The Distaff Gospels. Canadian Bulletin Of Medical History = Bulletin Canadien D’histoire De La Medecine [online]. 2007, 24(2), 423-43 [cit. 2019-05-01]. ISSN 08232105.<\/p>\n

16. OHLER, Norbert. Um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a smrt ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Jino\u010dany: H & H, 2001. ISBN 80-86022-69-2. s. 33-35,63-66,74-75.<\/p>\n

17. LE GOFF, Jacques.\u00a0St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk a jeho sv\u011bt. Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9. Praha: Vy\u0161ehrad, 2003. ISBN 80-7021-682- 4. s. 253.<\/p>\n

18. ARI\u00c8S, Philippe.\u00a0D\u011bjiny smrti. Praha: Argo, 2000. Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot. ISBN 80-7203-286-0. s. 32-33, 129-145.<\/p>\n

\r\n

Citace<\/h2>\r\n

SUR\u00c1, Alexandra. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i> [online]. 2019, ro\u010d. 24, \u010d. 1-2 [cit. 05.11.2026]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4274<\/a>. ISSN 1804-2031.<\/p><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mgr. Alexandra SUR\u00c1, Ph.D., NLK Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se vyv\u00edjelo l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed na z\u00e1pad\u011b po rozpadu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e? V\u00fdvoj l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti b\u00fdval\u00e9 Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e v dob\u011b ran\u00e9ho a vrcholn\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozd\u011blit na obdob\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed medic\u00edny a obdob\u00ed scholastick\u00e9 univerzitn\u00ed medic\u00edny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":4143,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-4274","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4274"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4735,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4274\/revisions\/4735"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}