{"id":4594,"date":"2019-06-27T13:11:48","date_gmt":"2019-06-27T11:11:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=4594"},"modified":"2021-12-21T15:33:19","modified_gmt":"2021-12-21T14:33:19","slug":"az-na-kost","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2019-24-1-2\/az-na-kost\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u017e na kost!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mgr. \u0160imon KR\u00ddSL, Zdravotnick\u00e9 muzeum NLK<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0Technick\u00e9m muzeu v\u00a0Brn\u011b byla 4. \u010dervna otev\u0159ena v\u00fdstava A\u017e na kost! P\u0159edstavuje stavbu a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 kosti a zp\u016fsoby, jak\u00fdmi bylo, je a bude mo\u017en\u00e9 kosti l\u00e9\u010dit, rovnat a nahrazovat.\u00a0 Pokud v\u00e1s zaujala v\u00fdstava \u010clov\u011bk v\u00a0n\u00e1hrad\u00e1ch v\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edm technick\u00e9m muzeu, pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 medic\u00edna, historie l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed nebo budoucnost propojen\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed, v\u00fdlet do Brna se rozhodn\u011b vyplat\u00ed. Pokud ji\u017e na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b jste, nebo budete, rozhodn\u011b si v\u00fdstavu nenechte uj\u00edt.<\/p>\n

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A\u017e na kost! V\u00fdstava o stavb\u011b, funkci a n\u00e1hrad\u00e1ch kost\u00ed. Technick\u00e9 muzeum v Brn\u011b, Purky\u0148ova 105, 612 00 Brno: z hlavn\u00edho n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed tramvaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo 12 na zast\u00e1vku Technick\u00e9 muzeum. Foto: T. Such\u00fd, L. Vi\u0161tejnov\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

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V\u00fdstava, kterou s\u00a0\u0159adou spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159ipravili dr. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Such\u00fd a dr. Lucie Vi\u0161tejnov\u00e1, v\u00e1s sezn\u00e1m\u00ed se stavbou a\u00a0funkc\u00ed kost\u00ed a\u00a0provede v\u00e1s v\u00fdvojem l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch postup\u016f od\u00a0d\u00e1vnov\u011bku a\u017e po\u00a0sou\u010dasnost. Kost je \u017eiv\u00fd, kompozitn\u00ed org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd se po cel\u00fd lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot vyv\u00edj\u00ed, p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje \u017eivotn\u00edmu stylu \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159estavuje se v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho i vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Na v\u00fdstav\u011b uvid\u00edte mikroskopickou strukturu kosti a pochop\u00edte, co d\u00e1v\u00e1 kostem jejich tvrdost, hou\u017eevnatost i pru\u017enost.\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na antropologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lezech pak v\u00fdstava uk\u00e1\u017ee zran\u011bn\u00ed a nemoci kost\u00ed, s\u00a0nimi\u017e se na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 museli vyrovnat: zlomeniny, onkologick\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed \u010di artr\u00f3zu kost\u00ed. Historick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jsou z\u00e1kladem pro p\u0159edstaven\u00ed st\u00e1le se vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dnes jsou – nebo z\u00e1hy budou – \u00a0schopny nemocnou tk\u00e1\u0148 vyl\u00e9\u010dit \u010di nahradit.<\/p>\n

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Zlomenina kr\u010dku stehenn\u00ed kosti se p\u0159ed 100 lety standardn\u011b l\u00e9\u010dila pomoc\u00ed trak\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby, kdy byl pacient upout\u00e1n na l\u016f\u017eko na 3 m\u011bs\u00edce. N\u00e1sledkem toho vznikaly \u010dasto smrteln\u00e9 komplikace v podob\u011b z\u00e1palu plic, hlubok\u00e9 \u017eiln\u00ed tromb\u00f3zy \u010di prole\u017eenin. Trak\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dba byla \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b nahrazena osteosynt\u00e9zou. Halo vesta (doslova vesta se svatoz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed) je alternativn\u00ed metodou fixace zlomenin v oblasti kr\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1te\u0159e. Do lebky jsou v lok\u00e1ln\u00ed anestezii zavedeny p\u0159es tzv. halo kruh \u010dty\u0159i \u0161rouby. Kruh je pak pevn\u011b napojen na vestu, kter\u00e1 je fixov\u00e1na k trupu. Po t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce standardn\u00ed doby l\u00e9\u010dby se mus\u00ed pacient s vestou nau\u010dit \u017e\u00edt a starat se o ni. Foto: T. Such\u00fd, L. Vi\u0161tejnov\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed struktury a funkce lidsk\u00e9 kosti prob\u00edhalo ji\u017e v 2. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d discipl\u00ednami. Ji\u017e tehdy si in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i a l\u00e9ka\u0159i pov\u0161imli podobnost\u00ed mezi strukturn\u00edmi n\u00e1kresy a v\u00fdpo\u010dty stroj\u016f a staveb a formami, do nich\u017e se vyv\u00edj\u00ed kostn\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148. V 60. letech 19. stolet\u00ed demonstroval anatom Georg Hermann von Meyer (1815\u20131892) klenut\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tr\u00e1mc\u016f v n\u00e1rtn\u00ed a patn\u00ed kosti. V rozprav\u011b s Meyerem pouk\u00e1zal strojn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr a matematik Karl Culmann (1821\u20131881) na to, \u017ee tr\u00e1m\u010dit\u00e1 struktura kosti je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na ve sm\u011bru nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako nap\u0159\u00edklad u parn\u00edho je\u0159\u00e1bu, jej\u017e v r. 1850 navrhl William Fairbairn. Chirurg a jeden ze zakladatel\u016f ortopedie Julius Wolff (1836-1902) pak formuloval z\u00e1kon, podle n\u011bj\u017e se tr\u00e1mce kosti zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b adaptuj\u00ed na zm\u011bnu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Architektura ky\u010deln\u00edho kloubu a parn\u00edho je\u0159\u00e1bu. Julius Wolff, Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen (Berlin: Hirschwald, 1892)<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Dnes v\u00edme, \u017ee toto srovn\u00e1n\u00ed plat\u00ed jen z\u010d\u00e1sti. Na rozd\u00edl od je\u0159\u00e1bu je kost nestejnorod\u00e1, vznik\u00e1 spojen\u00edm \u0159ady materi\u00e1l\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a p\u0159i pohybu nen\u00ed zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1na trvale, staticky, ale dynamicky, se st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed a uvoln\u011bn\u00ed. Role in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f, fyzik\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f p\u0159i pochopen\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed kosti se v\u0161ak nezmen\u0161ila, sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak. V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s mechanick\u00fdm obrazem kostn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, typick\u00fdm pro 19. stolet\u00ed, se okruh odborn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se nad kost\u00ed setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed, jen roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il o chemiky, informatiky, molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed a bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 biology, biomechaniky a dal\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed kostn\u00edch a kloubn\u00edch n\u00e1hrad je tato mezioborov\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce naprosto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Ky\u010deln\u00ed kloub a r\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly n\u00e1hrady jeho hlavice a jamky Foto: T. Such\u00fd, L. Vi\u0161tejnov\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem v\u00fdstavy jsou funk\u010dn\u00ed kostn\u00ed n\u00e1hrady, v\u00fdvoj pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oboru kostn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed a historie kostern\u00edch implant\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b. Uvid\u00edte uk\u00e1zky h\u0159ebov\u00e1n\u00ed i zevn\u00ed fixace zlomenin a technik prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed kost\u00ed, n\u00e1hrady velk\u00fdch kloub\u016f jako je ky\u010del, koleno \u010di rameno i materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed jejich hladk\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, beze\u0161v\u00e9 propojen\u00ed s\u00a0\u017eivou tk\u00e1n\u00ed i prevenci poopera\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1n\u011bt\u016f. Sezn\u00e1m\u00edte se s vyu\u017eit\u00edm nanovl\u00e1ken, um\u011bl\u00fdch kostn\u00edch miner\u00e1l\u016f \u010di kolagenu, mo\u017enostmi 3D tisku kloubn\u00edch implant\u00e1t\u016f na m\u00edru po\u0161kozen\u00e9 kosti, aplikace kmenov\u00fdch bun\u011bk \u010di v\u00fdvojem kostn\u00edch povrch\u016f, kter\u00e9 uvol\u0148uj\u00ed antibiotika. Na \u010dasov\u00e9 ose s\u00a0uk\u00e1zkami implant\u00e1t\u016f m\u016f\u017eete sledovat\u00a0historii kostern\u00ed technologie v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku a \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. V\u00a0interaktivn\u00edm koutku si sami m\u016f\u017eete poskl\u00e1dat kostru i puzzle pr\u016f\u0159ezu kosti.<\/p>\n

Na v\u00fdstavu, k\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e sv\u00fdm mal\u00fdm d\u00edlem p\u0159isp\u011blo i Zdravotnick\u00e9 muzeum NLK, v\u00e1s zveme po cel\u00e9 l\u00e9to a\u017e do 29. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2019.<\/p>\n

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Citace<\/h2>\r\n

KR\u00ddSL, \u0160imon. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i> [online]. 2019, ro\u010d. 24, \u010d. 1-2 [cit. 05.11.2026]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4594<\/a>. ISSN 1804-2031.<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mgr. \u0160imon KR\u00ddSL, Zdravotnick\u00e9 muzeum NLK V\u00a0Technick\u00e9m muzeu v\u00a0Brn\u011b byla 4. \u010dervna otev\u0159ena v\u00fdstava A\u017e na kost! P\u0159edstavuje stavbu a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 kosti a zp\u016fsoby, jak\u00fdmi bylo, je a bude mo\u017en\u00e9 kosti l\u00e9\u010dit, rovnat a nahrazovat.\u00a0 Pokud v\u00e1s zaujala v\u00fdstava \u010clov\u011bk v\u00a0n\u00e1hrad\u00e1ch v\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edm technick\u00e9m muzeu, pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 medic\u00edna, historie l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed nebo budoucnost propojen\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed, v\u00fdlet do Brna se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":4143,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-4594","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4594"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6697,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4594\/revisions\/6697"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}