{"id":7401,"date":"2023-07-07T11:40:11","date_gmt":"2023-07-07T09:40:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=7401"},"modified":"2023-07-13T09:34:46","modified_gmt":"2023-07-13T07:34:46","slug":"zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-protektorat-cechy-a-morava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2023-28-1-2\/zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-protektorat-cechy-a-morava\/","title":{"rendered":"Zdrav\u00ed a nemoc v pov\u011bdom\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f od prav\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost – Protektor\u00e1t \u010cechy a Morava"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dne\u00a015.\u00a0b\u0159ezna\u00a01939 nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko poru\u0161ilo Mnichovskou dohodu (o\u00a0postoupen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho pohrani\u010d\u00ed N\u011bmecku) a\u00a0obsadilo zbytek \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Den pot\u00e9 byl Adolfem Hitlerem vyd\u00e1n v\u00fdnos o\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a\u00a0Morava. Byla to doba pln\u00e1 obav, nouze a\u00a0desperace. Mnoh\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala n\u011bmeck\u00e9 ob\u010dany na\u00a0\u00fakor \u010desk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. To zahrnovalo diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed politiku v \u00a0oblasti zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, bydlen\u00ed a\u00a0p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, nedostatek j\u00eddla, nekvalitn\u00ed potraviny a\u00a0stres se podepsaly na\u00a0zdravotn\u00edm stavu obyvatelstva. Stoupala nemocnost, lid\u00e9 trp\u011bli podv\u00fd\u017eivou, psychick\u00fdmi poruchami, zv\u00fd\u0161il se po\u010det naka\u017een\u00fdch tuberkul\u00f3zou, skvrnit\u00fdm a\u00a0b\u0159i\u0161n\u00edm tyfem. \u010cast\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm byla d\u011btsk\u00e1 obrna, dysent\u00e9rie, sp\u00e1la a\u00a0infek\u010dn\u00ed hepatitida. Ob\u011bti na\u00a0lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivotech si vy\u017e\u00e1dala jak okupace, tak samotn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Nacistick\u00fd re\u017eim organizoval zat\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0popravy jako formu zastra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed odporu, v\u00a0koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech byli vyvra\u017e\u010fov\u00e1ni lid\u00e9 na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b etnick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu \u010di politick\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. K\u00a0v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch na\u00a0\u017eivotech doch\u00e1zelo b\u011bhem tot\u00e1ln\u00edho nasazen\u00ed\u00a0v \u0158\u00ed\u0161i, kde lid\u00e9 pracovali za\u00a0ot\u0159esn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. Nav\u00edc n\u011bmeck\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 budovy byly \u010dasto c\u00edlem spojeneck\u00fdch n\u00e1let\u016f. Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdravotnictv\u00ed spadalo pod Ministerstvo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0zdravotn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e9 bylo roku\u00a01942 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci reforem\u00a0spr\u00e1vy protektor\u00e1tu zru\u0161eno a\u00a0jeho kompetence p\u0159e\u0161ly na\u00a0zdravotn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed \u00da\u0159adu \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho protektora a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed ministerstva.\u00a0[1,\u00a02,\u00a03,\u00a04] \u010cesk\u00fd \u010derven\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00a0(z\u00a0n\u00e1zvu muselo b\u00fdt odstran\u011bno slovo \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd<\/em>) byl na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho protektora v\u00a0srpnu\u00a01940 zru\u0161en, a\u00a0jeho majetek byl p\u0159eveden pod N\u011bmeck\u00fd \u010derven\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e.\u00a0[5]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem prob\u00edhala cenzura tisku a\u00a0kter\u00e9 publikace vych\u00e1zely za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tisk byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fd prost\u0159edek k\u00a0ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. P\u0159esto\u017ee \u0159ada \u010desk\u00fdch nakladatelstv\u00ed musela b\u00fdt uzav\u0159ena, velk\u00e1 a\u00a0prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed mohla nad\u00e1le provozovat svou \u010dinnost, jeliko\u017e p\u0159edstavovala pro \u0158\u00ed\u0161i finan\u010dn\u00ed zisk. Od kv\u011btna\u00a01941 bylo povinnost\u00ed v\u0161ech nakladatel\u016f p\u0159edlo\u017eit ke\u00a0kontrole ka\u017ed\u00fd rukopis p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 knihy. V\u00a0textu se nesm\u011bly objevit levicov\u011b, marxisticky, komunisticky a\u00a0proti \u0158\u00ed\u0161i orientovan\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no vyd\u00e1vat publikace autor\u016f se\u00a0\u017eidovsk\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny a\u00a0N\u011bmc\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0exilu. Seznam zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch autor\u016f a\u00a0knih se postupn\u011b rozr\u016fstal. Cenzurou bylo pov\u011b\u0159eno kulturn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed spadaj\u00edc\u00ed pod tiskov\u00fd odbor p\u0159edsednictva ministersk\u00e9 rady\u00a0(TO\u00a0PMR), kter\u00e9 m\u011blo tak\u00e9 dohled nad provozn\u00edmi a\u00a0person\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1le\u017eitostmi jednotliv\u00fdch nakladatelsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem roku\u00a01942 byl z\u0159\u00edzen \u00da\u0159ad lidov\u00e9 osv\u011bty, do jeho\u017e pravomoci pat\u0159ila kultura, v\u010detn\u011b tisku. Tato instituce, v\u00a0jej\u00edm\u017e \u010dele st\u00e1l Emanuel Moravec\u00a0(1893\u20131945), byla vl\u00e1dn\u00edm na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm ze dne\u00a015.\u00a06.\u00a01942 pov\u00fd\u0161ena na\u00a0Ministerstvo lidov\u00e9 osv\u011bty. V\u011bt\u0161ina zam\u011bstnanc\u016f TO\u00a0PMR p\u0159e\u0161la pod uveden\u00e9 ministerstvo.\u00a0[6,\u00a07,\u00a08]<\/p>\n

V\u00a0dosud funguj\u00edc\u00edch nakladatelstv\u00ed mohla vych\u00e1zet l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 a\u00a0zdravotnick\u00e1 literatura, i\u00a0kdy\u017e i\u00a0ta podl\u00e9hala cenzu\u0159e. Za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty byla vyd\u00e1na v\u00a0Orbisu publikace Zdravotnictv\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho\u00a0<\/em>(1942).<\/em> Na\u00a0jej\u00edm vzniku se pod\u00edleli odborn\u00edci z\u00a0\u0159ad l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a\u00a0zdravotn\u00edk\u016f. Krom\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0sv\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, publikace obsahovala kontroln\u00ed ot\u00e1zky a\u00a0\u00falohy, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm si mohl \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 ov\u011b\u0159it svoje v\u011bdomosti. Tak\u00e9 se mohl za\u00a0poplatek 20\u00a0korun z\u00fa\u010dastnit kurzu, k\u00a0jeho\u017e absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo t\u0159eba vypracovat alespo\u0148 4\u00a0uveden\u00e9 \u00falohy a\u00a0zaslat je (s\u00a0p\u0159ilo\u017eenou po\u0161tovn\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou na\u00a0zp\u011btn\u00e9 \u201eporto\u201c) na\u00a0adresu \u0161koly Dom\u00e1c\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed. Pot\u00e9 doty\u010dn\u00fd obdr\u017eel odborn\u00edkem zkontrolovan\u00e9 \u00falohy, a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti z\u00edskal\u00a0osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed kurzu.\u00a0[9] V\u00a0uveden\u00e9m nakladatelstv\u00ed byla oti\u0161t\u011bna p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka V\u00fd\u017eivnost a\u00a0hygiena potravin: zdravotn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce s\u00a0tabulkami pro velk\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b i\u00a0dom\u00e1cnost<\/em>\u00a0(1944).\u00a0[10] Laick\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti byly t\u00e9\u017e ur\u010deny knihy: L\u00e9ka\u0159 hovo\u0159\u00ed se \u017eenami\u00a0<\/em>(1944)\u00a0[11] a\u00a0Dom\u00e1c\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nemocn\u00fdch s\u00a0chorobami srde\u010dn\u00edmi a\u00a0c\u00e9vn\u00edmi \u00a0<\/em>(1944).\u00a0[12]<\/p>\n

Nakladatelsk\u00fd podnik Melantrich vyd\u00e1val popul\u00e1rn\u011b nau\u010dn\u00e9 texty, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly zdrav\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0edici Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny<\/em>. Z\u00a0titul\u016f, kter\u00e9 zde vy\u0161ly, lze jmenovat:\u00a0O\u00a0nemocech a\u00a0jak jim<\/em> \u010deliti<\/em>\u00a0(1940)\u00a0[13], Spr\u00e1vnou v\u00fd\u017eivou ke\u00a0zdrav\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0(1940)\u00a0[14], Va\u0159te s\u00a0n\u00e1mi \u00fasporn\u011b, ale v\u00fd\u017eivn\u011b a\u00a0chutn\u011b<\/em>\u00a0(1943)\u00a0[15], Prvn\u00ed rok na\u0161eho d\u011b\u0165\u00e1tka<\/em>\u00a0(1940)\u00a0[16], Zdravov\u011bda a\u00a0\u017eivotospr\u00e1va \u017eeny\u00a0<\/em>(1944)\u00a0[17] \u010di Pohybem ke\u00a0zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0kr\u00e1se\u00a0<\/em>(1941)\u00a0[18].<\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0zdravotnick\u00e9 spolky a\u00a0spole\u010dnosti se sna\u017eily zlep\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed, hygien\u011b a\u00a0v\u00fd\u017eiv\u011b. Za\u00a0t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem vyd\u00e1valy r\u016fzn\u00e9 tiskoviny. Je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee tyto organizace b\u011bhem protektor\u00e1tu m\u011bly omezen\u00fd prostor a\u00a0jejich \u010dinnost byla mnohdy ovlivn\u011bna politikou t\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav, kter\u00fd za\u00a0protektor\u00e1tu nesl n\u00e1zev Zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a\u00a0Morava \u00a0[19], vyd\u00e1val let\u00e1\u010dky a\u00a0bro\u017eury zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0v\u00fd\u017eivu a\u00a0stravov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch let nap\u0159.\u00a0Listy z\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 kucha\u0159ky\u00a0<\/em>(1941)\u00a0[20], Zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0chu\u0165 v\u00a0\u00fasporn\u00e9m j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku\u00a0<\/em>(1940)\u00a0[21]. Za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem podpory zdrav\u00fdch n\u00e1vyk\u016f pro udr\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho zraku vych\u00e1z\u00ed publikace, nesouc\u00ed n\u00e1zev Jde o\u00a0zrak va\u0161ich d\u011bt\u00ed<\/em>.\u00a0(1940).\u00a0[22] Titul Ochrana o\u010d\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci<\/em>\u00a0(1940) poskytoval informace a\u00a0rady ohledn\u011b ochrany o\u010d\u00ed p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch \u010dinnostech.\u00a0[23]<\/p>\n

N\u00e1kladem \u010cesk\u00e9ho abstinentn\u00edho svazu vych\u00e1z\u00ed publikace Abeceda o\u00a0alkoholu, nikotinu a\u00a0v\u011bcech, je\u017e s\u00a0t\u00edm souvisej\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0(1940)\u00a0[24], Zdrav\u00ed\u00a0\u2013\u00a0zdatnost\u00a0\u2013\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bch<\/em>\u00a0(1942)\u00a0[25], d\u00e1le divadeln\u00ed hry pro d\u011bti, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed: Jak vyzr\u00e1l Ka\u0161p\u00e1rek na\u00a0\u010derta\u00a0<\/em>(1940)\u00a0[26], Ka\u0161p\u00e1rek a\u00a0loupe\u017en\u00edci\u00a0<\/em>(1940)\u00a0<\/em>[27] a\u00a0zdravotn\u011b v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 pov\u00eddky jako nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010c\u00ed\u017eek a\u00a0jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy<\/em>\u00a0(1940).\u00a0[28]<\/p>\n

Jedin\u00e1 povolen\u00e1 politick\u00e1 strana N\u00e1rodn\u00ed souru\u010denstv\u00ed, jen\u017e byla zalo\u017eena vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed po okupaci a\u00a0kter\u00e1 se st\u00e1le v\u00edce utvrzovala jako organizace zcela oddan\u00e1 \u0158\u00ed\u0161i, m\u011bla ve sv\u00e9m programu mimo jin\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di o zdrav\u00ed obyvatelstva. Odbor zmocn\u011bnce V\u00fdboru N\u00e1rodn\u00edho souru\u010denstv\u00ed pro\u00a0zdravotnictv\u00ed vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 roku 1941 bro\u017euru s n\u00e1zvem Bu\u010f str\u00e1\u017ecem sv\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed!<\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>[3,\u00a029]<\/p>\n

Na jakou problematiku byly zam\u011b\u0159eny popul\u00e1rn\u011b nau\u010dn\u00e9 publikace, jejich\u017e c\u00edlovou skupinou byly \u017eeny?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 p\u0159inesla v\u00e1lka, ovlivnily \u017eivoty mnoha \u017een. Nacistick\u00fd re\u017eim usiloval o\u00a0pln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly, a\u00a0\u017eeny v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti byly za\u0159azeny do\u00a0v\u00fdrobn\u00edho procesu. Povinnost chodit do\u00a0zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed se t\u00fdkala v\u0161ech ob\u010dan\u016f protektor\u00e1tu\u00a0produktivn\u00edho v\u011bku, vyjma matek, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly\u00a0 mal\u00e9 d\u011bti nebo pe\u010dovaly o\u00a0v\u00edce v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed. K\u00a0centralizaci kontroly pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly slou\u017eily \u00da\u0159ady pr\u00e1ce, na\u00a0kter\u00fdch byly vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny pracovn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eky, jen\u017e slou\u017eily k\u00a0evidenci pracovn\u00edho nasazen\u00ed obyvatelstva a\u00a0jejich\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zkontrolovat, zda je osoba zam\u011bstnan\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Na \u017eeny byly nyn\u00ed kladeny vysok\u00e9 po\u017eadavky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 za\u010daly pracovat v\u00a0profes\u00edch, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve vykon\u00e1vali pouze nebo p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b mu\u017ei. \u017deny nastoupily do\u00a0tov\u00e1ren, \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, nemocnic, pracovaly jako \u0159idi\u010dky tramvaje nebo rozn\u00e1\u0161ely po\u0161tu. Krom\u011b pracovn\u00edch povinnost\u00ed bylo t\u0159eba, aby zvl\u00e1dly p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0rodinu, a\u00a0to v\u00a0dob\u011b, ve\u00a0kter\u00e9 byl nedostatek surovin na\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravu pokrm\u016f, p\u0159\u00edd\u011blov\u00fd l\u00edstkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m na\u00a0potraviny, m\u00fddlo a\u00a0o\u0161acen\u00ed.\u00a0[3,\u00a04] Bro\u017eura \u017divotospr\u00e1va pracuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny\u00a0<\/em>(1944),\u00a0byla ur\u010dena \u017een\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 vedle sv\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed musely zvl\u00e1dat dom\u00e1cnost. Jej\u00ed autorka, l\u00e9ka\u0159ka Anna Kavinov\u00e1\u00a0(1897\u00ac1984), poukazuje na\u00a0skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 doba p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u0159adu zm\u011bn, kter\u00fdm je nutn\u00e9 se p\u0159izp\u016fsobit. V\u00a0publikaci se bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 do\u010d\u00edst, jak z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch surovin p\u0159ipravit v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00fd pokrm, kter\u00e9 l\u00e1tky by m\u011bla obsahovat plnohodnotn\u00e1 strava \u010di jak va\u0159it \u00fasporn\u011b. Autorka rad\u00ed, jak kombinovat zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed o\u00a0rodinu a\u00a0p\u0159itom v\u011bnovat \u010das sob\u011b, sp\u00e1nku a\u00a0sv\u00fdm kon\u00ed\u010dk\u016fm. \u017den\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i\u00a0vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu pracovn\u00ed doby stoj\u00ed nebo chod\u00ed, doporu\u010duje nat\u00e1hnout si nohy do\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 polohy, \u00fa\u0159ednic\u00edm zase kr\u00e1tkou proch\u00e1zku nebo sportov\u00e1n\u00ed. T\u00e9\u017e otev\u00edr\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se d\u011blby dom\u00e1c\u00ed pr\u00e1ce mezi \u010dleny dom\u00e1cnosti. Co se t\u00fd\u010de p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0t\u011blo, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed osobn\u00ed hygieny, zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem menstruace.\u00a0[30]<\/p>\n

\"Publikace

Publikace \u017divotospr\u00e1va pracuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny (1944), Anna Kavinov\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edprava pokrm\u016f a v\u00fd\u017eiva pat\u0159ily mezi dal\u0161\u00ed t\u00e9mata, kter\u00fdm byla v kni\u017en\u00ed produkci v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost. Kucha\u0159sk\u00e9 knihy byly ur\u010deny zejm\u00e9na \u017een\u00e1m hospody\u0148k\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 se v r\u00e1mci rodiny tradi\u010dn\u011b v\u011bnovaly va\u0159en\u00ed. Potravinov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva bylo omezen\u00e9 a kontrolovan\u00e9 nacistickou okupa\u010dn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou. Zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin a surovin \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu byla ur\u010dena pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo a arm\u00e1du. Zaveden\u00edm p\u0159\u00edd\u011blov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho\u00a0 syst\u00e9mu bylo omezeno mno\u017estv\u00ed potravin, kter\u00e9 si lid\u00e9 mohli koupit. M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 \u010dasto \u010delili nedostatku z\u00e1kladn\u00edch potravin. J\u00eddlo bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sehnat na \u010dern\u00e9m trhu, av\u0161ak za\u00a0mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cenu. Nedostatek potravin m\u011bl v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 dopady na zdrav\u00ed obyvatel a\u00a0zp\u016fsoboval podv\u00fd\u017eivu. Hospody\u0148ky se musely nau\u010dit va\u0159it pouze z toho, co bylo k dispozici. Vych\u00e1zela \u0159ada bro\u017eur, let\u00e1k\u016f a kucha\u0159ek, ve kter\u00fdch bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt n\u00e1vody, jak p\u0159ipravit nutri\u010dn\u011b hodnotn\u00e9 j\u00eddlo z omezen\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav vyd\u00e1val v letech 1940-1941 ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 Listy \u010desk\u00e9 kucha\u0159ky<\/em>, co\u017e byla s\u00e9rie let\u00e1\u010dk\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed recepty na\u00a0j\u00eddla, <\/strong>pro\u00a0jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edpravu bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt snadno opat\u0159iteln\u00e9 suroviny; nap\u0159.\u00a0zel\u00ed, lesn\u00ed plody, brambory, lu\u0161t\u011bniny \u010di \u0161\u00edpky.\u00a0[20] V\u00a0knize V\u00fd\u017eivnost a hygiena potravin: zdravotn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce s tabulkami pro\u00a0velk\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b i dom\u00e1cnost<\/em>\u00a0(1944) l\u00e9ka\u0159 Vil\u00e9m Hons\u00a0(1890-1969) spolu s\u00a0propag\u00e1torkou zdrav\u00e9ho stravov\u00e1n\u00ed Mari\u00ed \u00dalehlovou\u00a0(1896-1978) poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 informace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fdch hodnot potravin.\u00a0[10] D\u00edky kucha\u0159sk\u00e9 knize Va\u0159te s\u00a0n\u00e1mi \u00fasporn\u011b, ale v\u00fd\u017eivn\u011b a\u00a0chutn\u011b\u00a0<\/em>(1943), <\/em>bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zjistit, jak \u0161et\u0159it s\u00a0tukem nebo jak \u201enastavit\u201c pokrm.\u00a0[15] N\u00e1vody, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017e\u00edt sez\u00f3nn\u00edch plodin a\u00a0zava\u0159ovat je pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159ebu, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ela kn\u00ed\u017eka Ovoce a\u00a0zelenina po cel\u00fd rok<\/em>\u00a0(1944).\u00a0[31]<\/p>\n

Publikace \u00dasporn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka s\u00a0rozpo\u010dty <\/em>(1941), jej\u00ed\u017e autorkou byla zakladatelka kucha\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly, Anu\u0161e Kej\u0159ov\u00e1\u00a0(1874-1926), krom\u011b recept\u016f a\u00a0tip\u016f, jak \u00fasporn\u011b va\u0159it, obsahuje zdravotn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u017eivy a\u00a0diet, kterou sepsali Franti\u0161ek Schmidt a\u00a0Stanislav N\u011bme\u010dek.\u00a0[32]<\/p>\n

Tov\u00e1rna na\u00a0po\u017eivatiny KVETA vydala bro\u017euru \u00dasporn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka KVETA V\u00e1m rad\u00ed <\/em>(1941), pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ipravit jednoduch\u00e9 pokrmy (pochopiteln\u011b s\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky KVETA), a\u00a0nau\u010dit se efektivn\u011b zu\u017eitkovat v\u0161echny “zbytky z\u00a0kuchyn\u011b” a\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u011b skladovat potraviny.\u00a0[33]<\/p>\n

Z dal\u0161\u00edch kucha\u0159ek, kter\u00e9 se objevily na kni\u017en\u00edm trhu, lze uv\u00e9st: Jak dnes hospoda\u0159it \u00fasporn\u011b a\u00a0va\u0159it zdrav\u011b\u00a0<\/em>(1941)\u00a0[34], Zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0chu\u0165 v\u00a0\u00fasporn\u00e9m j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku<\/em> (1940) [21] \u010di Rodinn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka: sb\u00edrka \u00fasporn\u00fdch, prakticky vyzkou\u0161en\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1vod\u016f\u00a0<\/em>(1941).<\/em>\u00a0[35]<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edd\u011blov\u00fd l\u00edstkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m se t\u00fdkal i\u00a0od\u011bvu a\u00a0obuvi. M\u00edsto kupov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho oble\u010den\u00ed se lid\u00e9 sna\u017eili vyu\u017e\u00edvat st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch kus\u016f a\u00a0prodlou\u017eit jejich \u017eivotnost. Opravy a\u00a0p\u0159e\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se staly b\u011b\u017enou prax\u00ed. R\u016fzn\u00e9 zbytky l\u00e1tek se kombinovaly tak, aby vznikl od\u011bv nov\u00fd nebo se upravil st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed. Kombinov\u00e1n\u00ed dvou materi\u00e1l\u016f se stalo trendem. V\u00a0\u010dasopisech pro \u017eeny se nach\u00e1zely n\u00e1vody a\u00a0st\u0159ihy na\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9ho kousku oble\u010den\u00ed ze zbytk\u016f l\u00e1tek a\u00a0star\u00fdch roztrhan\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f.\u00a0[4, 36] Nakladatelstv\u00ed Melantrich vyd\u00e1valo v\u00a0letech\u00a01940-1945 t\u00fdden\u00edk Hv\u011bzda \u010desk\u00fdch pan\u00ed a\u00a0d\u00edvek\u00a0<\/em>[37] a\u00a0do roku\u00a01943 \u010dasopis Eva<\/em>.\u00a0[38] \u010casopis Katolick\u00e1 \u017eena<\/em>, kter\u00fd byl zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na\u00a0rodinu, dom\u00e1cnost a m\u00f3du vy\u0161el naposledy roku\u00a01941.\u00a0[39]<\/p>\n

\"Model

Model pro p\u0159e\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ze star\u0161\u00edch \u0161at\u016f uveden\u00fd v \u010dasopise Katolick\u00e1 \u017eena<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny byly i\u00a0popul\u00e1rn\u011b nau\u010dn\u00e9 knihy, kter\u00e9 poskytovaly informace o\u00a0stavb\u011b a\u00a0fungov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9ho t\u011bla. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na menstrua\u010dn\u00edmu cyklu, ovulaci, oplodn\u011bn\u00ed, t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, porodu, \u0161estined\u011bl\u00ed a\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0novorozence. Nechyb\u011bly ani kapitoly o\u00a0antikoncepci a\u00a0prevenci pohlavn\u011b p\u0159enosn\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed. K\u00a0uveden\u00e9mu \u017e\u00e1nru lze za\u0159adit knihu Zdravov\u011bda a\u00a0\u017eivotospr\u00e1va \u017eeny\u00a0<\/em>(1944), ve\u00a0kter\u00e9 \u010desk\u00fd renomovan\u00fd porodn\u00edk MUDr.\u00a0Anton\u00edn Ostr\u010dil\u00a0(1874-1941) srozumitelnou cestou p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1, co by m\u011bla \u017eena v\u011bd\u011bt o\u00a0sv\u00e9m t\u011ble.\u00a0[17]\nProf.\u00a0MUDr.\u00a0Ji\u0159\u00ed \u0160tefl\u00a0(1904-1961), populariz\u00e1tor l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u011bdy, ve sv\u00e9 knize L\u00e9ka\u0159 hovo\u0159\u00ed se \u017eenami\u00a0<\/em>(1944), se sna\u017eil z\u00e1bavnou formou a\u00a0lehce pochopiteln\u00fdm stylem oslovit \u017eeny v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch kategori\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159edat jim poznatky, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly jejich fyzick\u00e9ho a\u00a0du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed, v\u00fd\u017eivy a\u00a0p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0d\u00edt\u011b.\u00a0[11]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem prob\u00edhala v\u00fdchova ke zdrav\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edho v\u011bku?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Za\u00a0protektor\u00e1tu bylo \u0161kolstv\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0ideov\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobeno n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0158\u00ed\u0161i. Krom\u011b \u010de\u0161tiny byla povinn\u00e1 v\u00fduka n\u011bm\u010diny. Obecn\u00e9 \u0161koly byly p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1ny na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0161koly a\u00a0m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9 \u0161koly z\u00edskaly ozna\u010den\u00ed hlavn\u00ed. U\u010debnice a\u00a0u\u010debn\u00ed pom\u016fcky musely b\u00fdt schv\u00e1leny. Vych\u00e1zely seznamy povolen\u00fdch u\u010debnic, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se vy\u017eadovalo, aby \u017e\u00e1ci za\u010dernili text, kter\u00fd byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za\u00a0ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.\u00a0[3,\u00a04,\u00a06,\u00a040,\u00a041,\u00a042,\u00a045]<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci vyu\u010dovac\u00edho p\u0159edm\u011btu prvouka, kter\u00fd se vyu\u010doval v\u00a0prvn\u00edm a\u00a0druh\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku obecn\u00fdch \u0161kol, se d\u011bti seznamovaly s\u00a0prvotn\u00edmi poznatky o\u00a0okoln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed osnov bylo osvojen\u00ed si z\u00e1kladn\u00edch znalost\u00ed o\u00a0lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble a\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u017eivotospr\u00e1v\u011b. D\u011btem m\u011bly b\u00fdt v\u0161t\u011bpov\u00e1ny z\u00e1sady hygieny, nap\u0159.\u00a0myt\u00ed rukou p\u0159ed j\u00eddlem \u010di \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zub\u016f. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159\u00edrodopisu byla prob\u00edr\u00e1na stavba a\u00a0funkce lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla a\u00a0z\u00e1klady prvn\u00ed pomoci. \u017d\u00e1ci vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edk\u016f se u\u010dili nav\u00edc o\u00a0naka\u017eliv\u00fdch a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nemocech a\u00a0ochran\u011b proti nim.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159edm\u011btu d\u00edv\u010d\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0nauka o\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/em>, se d\u011bv\u010data p\u0159ipravovala na\u00a0roli matky. Praktick\u00fd v\u00fdcvik byl zam\u011b\u0159en na\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravu pokrm\u016f podle z\u00e1sad spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u017eivy, p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0novorozence a\u00a0\u0161it\u00ed \u201ev\u00fdbavi\u010dky\u201c.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i\u00a0hodin\u00e1ch t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy se zd\u016fraz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam cvi\u010den\u00ed pro udr\u017een\u00ed fyzick\u00e9ho a\u00a0du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed. C\u00edlem t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy bylo rozv\u00edjet fyzickou zdatnost, s\u00edlu, vytrvalost a\u00a0koordinaci \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, a\u00a0to nejen pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed jejich t\u011blesn\u00e9ho stavu, ale i\u00a0pro\u00a0podporu jejich celkov\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed. Byl kladen d\u016fraz na\u00a0pat\u0159i\u010dnou techniku cvi\u010den\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla, prevenci zran\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0dobrou \u017eivotospr\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0d\u00edvek se v\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u011blocviku m\u011bla zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat p\u0159\u00edprava pro rodinn\u00fd \u017eivot a v\u00fdznam t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy v\u00a0rodin\u011b. Pro\u00a0\u0161koln\u00ed pot\u0159ebu byly schv\u00e1leny\u00a0 ministerstvem \u0161kolstv\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osv\u011bty t\u00e9\u017e filmy, kup\u0159\u00edkladu Zdrav\u00e1 ml\u00e1de\u017e – zdrav\u00fd n\u00e1rod<\/em> nebo Z\u00a0boje proti z\u00e1\u0161krtu a\u00a0d\u011btsk\u00e9 obrn\u011b<\/em>.\u00a0[40,\u00a041,\u00a042,\u00a043,\u00a044]<\/p>\n

L\u00e9ka\u0159ka Mirka Kl\u00edmov\u00e1 – F\u00fcgnerov\u00e1 (1905-1988) vypracovala metodiku zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed (obecn\u00e9) \u0161koly. Formulovala z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1sady a principy, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zohlednit p\u0159i v\u00fdchov\u011b ke zdrav\u00ed. Mezi hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1sady \u0159ad\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 rozvr\u017een\u00ed prob\u00edran\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed u\u010diva v\u011bku d\u00edt\u011bte, v\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy do r\u016fzn\u00fdch vyu\u010dovac\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. K\u00a0v\u00fduce doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat obrazy, plak\u00e1ty, modely a diapositivy. [44]<\/p>\n

\"Publikace

Publikace Zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchova v n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0161kole, Mirka Kl\u00edmov\u00e1\u00a0–\u00a0F\u00fcgnerov\u00e1<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Zanedlouho po\u00a0nastolen\u00ed protektor\u00e1tu musely t\u011blov\u00fdchovn\u00e9, skautsk\u00e9 a\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 organizace (nap\u0159.\u00a0Jun\u00e1k,\u00a0Skaut,\u00a0Sokol,\u00a0Orel), ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch byly d\u011bti vedeny k\u00a0v\u00fdchov\u011b ke zdrav\u00ed, ukon\u010dit svou \u010dinnost. V\u00a0kv\u011btnu\u00a01942 je zalo\u017eeno Kuratorium pro v\u00fdchovu ml\u00e1de\u017ee v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a\u00a0na\u00a0Morav\u011b s\u00a0hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem p\u0159evychovat ml\u00e1de\u017e v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdmi ide\u00e1ly. Tato organizace byla zam\u011b\u0159ena na\u00a0v\u011bkovou skupinu\u00a010-18\u00a0let, a\u00a0aktivn\u011b se anga\u017eovala ve vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tiskovin a\u00a0po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sportovn\u00edch, kulturn\u00edch a\u00a0vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch akc\u00ed. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti se t\u00e9\u017e v\u011bnovala zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b.\u00a0[3,\u00a04,\u00a06,\u00a045]<\/p>\n

Literatura:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. SVOBODN\u00dd, Petr a Ludmila HLAV\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1.\u00a0D\u011bjiny l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch<\/em>. Praha: Triton,\u00a02004. ISBN\u00a080-7254-424-1, s.\u00a0195-199.<\/li>\n
  2. \u0158\u00cdHOV\u00c1, Milada.\u00a0Kapitoly z\u00a0d\u011bjin l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed<\/em>. Praha: Karolinum,\u00a02005. U\u010debn\u00ed texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. ISBN\u00a080-246-1021-3, s.\u00a0115-124.<\/li>\n
  3. GEBHART, Jan a Jan KUKL\u00cdK.\u00a0Dramatick\u00e9 i\u00a0v\u0161edn\u00ed dny protektor\u00e1tu<\/em>. Praha: Themis,\u00a01996. ISBN\u00a080-85821-35-4, s.\u00a048-53, 84-90, 227-235.<\/li>\n
  4. MICHLOV\u00c1, Marie.\u00a0Protentokr\u00e1t, aneb, \u010cesk\u00e1 ka\u017edodennost 1939-1945<\/em>. Druh\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed (pro\u00a0Levn\u00e9 knihy prvn\u00ed). \u0158itka: \u010cas, 2020. \u010cesk\u00fd \u010das. ISBN 978-80-7475-366-4, s. 48-65<\/li>\n
  5. JUKL, Marek a\u00a0Jana MAJRICHOV\u00c1.\u00a0Stolet\u00ed s\u00a0\u010cerven\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem:\u00a0100 let \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho a\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9ho \u010derven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee<\/em>. Praha: \u010cesk\u00fd \u010derven\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e,\u00a02019. ISBN\u00a0978-80-87729-28-1.<\/li>\n
  6. DOLE\u017dAL, Ji\u0159\u00ed a Jan K\u0158EN. \u010cesk\u00e1 kultura za\u00a0protektor\u00e1tu: \u0161kolstv\u00ed, p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed, kinematografie<\/em>. V\u00a0Praze: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed filmov\u00fd archiv, 1996, ISBN 80-7004-085-8, s. 51-53, 110-146.<\/li>\n
  7. JANOU\u0160EK, Pavel, Iva M\u00c1LKOV\u00c1, Kate\u0159ina PIORECK\u00c1, et\u00a0al.\u00a0D\u011bjiny \u010desk\u00e9 literatury v\u00a0Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a\u00a0Morava<\/em>. Praha: Academia,\u00a02022, 735 stran:\u00a0ilustrace, portr\u00e9ty, faksimile; 29 cm. ISBN\u00a0978-80-200-3377-2. s.\u00a061-66,\u00a091<\/li>\n
  8. W\u00d6GERBAUER, Michael, Petr P\u00cd\u0160A, Petr \u0160\u00c1MAL a Pavel JAN\u00c1\u010cEK.\u00a0V obecn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu: cenzura a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed regulace literatury v\u00a0modern\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e 1749-2014<\/em>. \u010c\u00e1st \u0161est\u00e1.\u00a01938\u20131949. Praha:\u00a0Academia,\u00a02015. ISBN\u00a0978-80-200-2491-6, s. 6.<\/li>\n
  9. Zdravotnictv\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho: spole\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce odborn\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a zdravotnick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f<\/em>. Praha:\u00a0Orbis,\u00a01942.<\/li>\n
  10. HONS, Vil\u00e9m a\u00a0\u00daLEHLOV\u00c1-TILSCHOV\u00c1, Marie.\u00a0V\u00fd\u017eivnost a hygiena potravin: zdravotn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce s\u00a0tabulkami pro\u00a0velk\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b i\u00a0dom\u00e1cnost<\/em>. I. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: Orbis,\u00a01944.<\/li>\n
  11. \u0160TEFL, Ji\u0159\u00ed.\u00a0L\u00e9ka\u0159 hovo\u0159\u00ed se \u017eenami<\/em>. 1. vyd. Praha: Orbis,\u00a01944. Kni\u017enice \u010desk\u00e9ho rozhlasu.<\/li>\n
  12. KAR\u00c1SEK, Franti\u0161ek, ed.\u00a0Dom\u00e1c\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nemocn\u00fdch s chorobami srde\u010dn\u00edmi a cevn\u00edmi<\/em>. I.\u00a0vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: Orbis, 1944.<\/li>\n
  13. KAZIL, Josef.\u00a0O nemocech a jak jim \u010deliti<\/em>. V Praze: Melantrich,\u00a01940. 167 – [I] s. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; Sv. 6.<\/li>\n
  14. HOFEROV\u00c1, Bo\u017eena.\u00a0Spr\u00e1vnou v\u00fd\u017eivou ke zdrav\u00ed<\/em>. V Praze: Melantrich,\u00a01940. 147 s. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; sv. 4.<\/li>\n
  15. SCHNEIDEROV\u00c1, Marie.\u00a0Va\u0159te s n\u00e1mi \u00fasporn\u011b, ale v\u00fd\u017eivn\u011b a chutn\u011b: \u0159ada p\u0159edpis\u016f na pokrmy, r\u016fzn\u00e9 rady a praktiky<\/em>. Prvn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: Melantrich,\u00a01943. 165 stran. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; svazek 8.<\/li>\n
  16. CIPRA, Anton\u00edn. Prvn\u00ed rok na\u0161eho d\u011b\u0165\u00e1tka<\/em>. V Praze: Melantrich,\u00a01940. 85 – [iii] s. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; sv. 2.<\/li>\n
  17. OSTR\u010cIL, Anton\u00edn et al. Zdravov\u011bda a \u017eivotospr\u00e1va \u017eeny: popul\u00e1rn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e1 pou\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0tom, co m\u00e1 \u017eena v\u011bd\u011bti o\u00a0sv\u00e9m t\u011ble a jeho \u010dinnosti<\/em>. 2. vyd. V Praze: Melantrich,\u00a01944. 111, [II] Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; sv. 5.<\/li>\n
  18. \u0160KARDA, Bohu\u010dest.\u00a0Pohybem ke zdrav\u00ed a kr\u00e1se: (radostn\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed pro \u017eeny, d\u011bti i mu\u017ee)<\/em>. V Praze: Melantrich,\u00a01941. 108, [2] s. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; sv. 7.<\/li>\n
  19. K\u0158\u00cd\u017d, Jaroslav a Renata BERANOV\u00c1.\u00a0Historie St\u00e1tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu v Praze<\/i>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav, 2005. Acta hygienica, epidemiologica et microbiologica. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/szu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/historie_SZU.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  20. HONS, Vil\u00e9m a\u00a0\u00daLEHLOV\u00c1-TILSCHOV\u00c1, Marie.\u00a0Listy z \u010desk\u00e9 kucha\u0159ky <\/em>V Praze: Zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav,\u00a01941. 2 ne\u010d\u00edslovan\u00e9 strany. Let\u00e1ky Zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu v Praze. Serie: V\u00fd\u017eiva.<\/li>\n
  21. PODZIMKOV\u00c1-RIEGLOV\u00c1, Marie a\u00a0\u0160\u0164ASTN\u00c1, Marie.\u00a0Zdrav\u00ed a chu\u0165 v \u00fasporn\u00e9m j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku: [ze\u00a0zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu]<\/em>. V Praze: \u010cesk\u00e1 grafick\u00e1 Unie,\u00a01940.<\/li>\n
  22. Jde o\u00a0zrak va\u0161ich d\u011bt\u00ed<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav, [1940-1948].<\/li>\n
  23. KLINDEROV\u00c1, Ladislava.\u00a0Ochrana o\u010d\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci: [z odd\u011blen\u00ed pro zdravotnickou v\u00fdchovu a\u00a0propagaci St\u00e1tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu v Praze]<\/em>. V\u00a0Praze: n\u00e1kladem vlastn\u00edm,\u00a01940.<\/li>\n
  24. HAVL\u00cdK, Vil\u00e9m.\u00a0Abeceda o\u00a0alkoholu, nikotinu a v\u011bcech, je\u017e s t\u00edm souvisej\u00ed<\/em>. Praha: \u010cesk\u00fd abstinentn\u00ed svaz,\u00a01940.<\/li>\n
  25. HAN\u00c1K, Vladim\u00edr.\u00a0Zdrav\u00ed – zdatnost – \u00fasp\u011bch<\/em>. V Praze: \u010cesk\u00fd abstinentn\u00ed svaz,\u00a01942. Abstinentn\u00ed knihovna; sv. 32.<\/li>\n
  26. PROCH\u00c1ZKA, Anton\u00edn.\u00a0Jak vyzr\u00e1l Ka\u0161p\u00e1rek na \u010derta: veselohra o 3 jedn\u00e1n\u00edch<\/em>. V Praze: \u010cesk\u00fd abstinentn\u00ed svaz,\u00a01940. Loutkov\u00e9 hry na\u0161ich d\u011bt\u00ed; Sv. 3.<\/li>\n
  27. PROCH\u00c1ZKA, Anton\u00edn.\u00a0Ka\u0161p\u00e1rek a loupe\u017en\u00edci: veselohra o 3 jedn\u00e1n\u00edch<\/em>. V\u00a0Praze: \u010cesk\u00fd abstinentn\u00ed svaz, 1940. Loutkov\u00e9 hry na\u0161ich d\u011bt\u00ed; Sv. 1.<\/li>\n
  28. \u010c\u00ed\u017eek a jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy<\/em>. Praha: \u010c[esk\u00fd] A[bstinentn\u00ed] Svaz, tiskov\u00fd fond Dr. Lad. Hanu\u0161e,\u00a01940. Bes\u00eddky dorostu;<\/li>\n
  29. SK\u00c1LA, Jakub.\u00a0Bu\u010f str\u00e1\u017ecem sv\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed!<\/em>. Praha: Odbor zmocn\u011bnce VNS pro zdravotnictv\u00ed, [1941].<\/li>\n
  30. KAVINOV\u00c1, Anna.\u00a0\u017divotospr\u00e1va pracuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny<\/em>. Praha:\u00a0Grafie,\u00a0[1944].<\/li>\n
  31. V\u00c1VROV\u00c1, Marta.\u00a0Ovoce a zelenina po cel\u00fd rok: (zav\u00e1\u0159\u00edme podle kalend\u00e1\u0159e\u2026). 1. vyd.<\/em> V Praze: Melantrich, 1944. Knihovna mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny; sv. 9.<\/li>\n
  32. KEJ\u0158OV\u00c1, Anu\u0161e.\u00a0\u00dasporn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka s rozpo\u010dty: zlat\u00e1 kniha ka\u017ed\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti<\/em>. 13., roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159. vyd. s\u00a0rozpo\u010dty a ilustracemi. V Hradci Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9: Stanislav Kucha\u0159, 1941.<\/li>\n
  33. VESELSK\u00dd, Josef, ed.\u00a0\u00dasporn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka Kveta V\u00e1m rad\u00ed\u2026 M\u011bstec<\/em> Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9: n\u00e1kladem Frant. Mat\u011bjky,\u00a0[1941].<\/li>\n
  34. \u0160MAKALOV\u00c1, Iva. Jak dnes hospoda\u0159it \u00fasporn\u011b a va\u0159it zdrav\u011b<\/em>. 2., p\u0159eprac. a dopl. vyd. Praha: \u017divot a pr\u00e1ce, 1941.<\/li>\n
  35. J\u00cdROV\u00c1, Kv\u011btoslava.\u00a0Rodinn\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka: sb\u00edrka \u00fasporn\u00fdch, prakticky vyzkou\u0161en\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1vod\u016f, jak va\u0159iti v\u00a0mal\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti<\/em>. Souborn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: Rodina,\u00a01941.<\/li>\n
  36. BURIANOV\u00c1, Miroslava.\u00a0M\u00f3da v ulic\u00edch protektor\u00e1tu<\/em>. 1. vyd. Praha: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum, 2013. 286 s.\u00a0ISBN 978-80-7036-397-3, s. 43-47.<\/li>\n
  37. Hv\u011bzda \u010desk\u00fdch pan\u00ed a d\u00edvek. Praha: Melantrich,\u00a01925-1945.<\/li>\n
  38. Eva: \u010dasopis modern\u00ed \u017eeny<\/em>. Praha: Melantrich,\u00a01928-1943.<\/li>\n
  39. Katolick\u00e1 \u017eena: t\u00fdden\u00edk pro rodinu a dom\u00e1cnost<\/em>. Praha: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 akciov\u00e1 tisk\u00e1rna,\u00a01936-1942.<\/li>\n
  40. Sm\u011brnice zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy na n\u00e1rodn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch<\/em>. Ve Zl\u00edn\u011b: O[kresn\u00ed] \u0160[koln\u00ed] R[eformn\u00ed] K[omise], 1940.<\/li>\n
  41. Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u010debn\u00e9 osnovy pro obecn\u00e9 a m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9 \u0161koly s \u010desk\u00fdm vyu\u010dovac\u00edm jazykem a\u00a0pro\u00a0jednoro\u010dn\u00ed u\u010debn\u00e9 kursy, p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 k t\u011bmto m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00fdm \u0161kol\u00e1m, v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b: v\u00fdnos ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osv\u011bty ze dne 27. \u010cervence 1939, \u010d. 98 000 I<\/em>. V\u00a0Praze: St\u00e1tn\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01939.<\/li>\n
  42. V\u011bstn\u00edk Ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osv\u011bty =: Mitteilungen des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Schulwesen und Volkskulture<\/em>. Praha: Ministerstvo \u0161kolstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osv\u011bty, 15. 01. 1941, 23<\/strong>(1), ISSN\u00a01802-5048.<\/li>\n
  43. T\u0159i roky v \u0158\u00ed\u0161i: Protektor\u00e1t \u010cechy a Morava<\/em>. Praha: Orbis, 1942, s. 85.<\/li>\n
  44. KL\u00cdMOV\u00c1-F\u00dcGNEROV\u00c1, Miroslava.\u00a0Zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchova v\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0161kole<\/em>. Praha: \u0160koln\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed, 1942.<\/li>\n
  45. \u0160kol\u00e1kem v Protektor\u00e1tu: projekt Pam\u00e1tn\u00edku Terez\u00edn<\/i>\u00a0[online]. [Terez\u00edn]: Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk Terez\u00edn, 2016 [cit. 2023-07-07]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0https:\/\/skolakemvprotektoratu.pamatnik-terezin.cz\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \r\n

    Citace<\/h2>\r\n

    SUR\u00c1, Alexandra. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i>. Online. 2023, ro\u010d. 28, \u010d. 1-2. ISSN 1804-2031. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7401<\/a> [cit. 05.11.2026].\r\n<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK Dne\u00a015.\u00a0b\u0159ezna\u00a01939 nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko poru\u0161ilo Mnichovskou dohodu (o\u00a0postoupen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho pohrani\u010d\u00ed N\u011bmecku) a\u00a0obsadilo zbytek \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Den pot\u00e9 byl Adolfem Hitlerem vyd\u00e1n v\u00fdnos o\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a\u00a0Morava. Byla to doba pln\u00e1 obav, nouze a\u00a0desperace. Mnoh\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala n\u011bmeck\u00e9 ob\u010dany na\u00a0\u00fakor \u010desk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. To zahrnovalo diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed politiku v \u00a0oblasti zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, bydlen\u00ed a\u00a0p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":0,"parent":7419,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-7401","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7401"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7812,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7401\/revisions\/7812"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}