{"id":8219,"date":"2024-06-03T13:44:28","date_gmt":"2024-06-03T11:44:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=8219"},"modified":"2024-06-27T09:26:44","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T07:26:44","slug":"zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-60-leta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/archiv\/2024-29-1-2\/zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-nasich-predku-od-praveku-po-soucasnost-60-leta\/","title":{"rendered":"Zdrav\u00ed a nemoc v pov\u011bdom\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f od prav\u011bku po sou\u010dasnost: 60. l\u00e9ta"},"content":{"rendered":"
Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK<\/h5>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky\u00a060.\u00a0let se nesly v\u00a0duchu nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy, kterou byl zm\u011bn\u011bn n\u00e1zev st\u00e1tu z\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 republika na\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 republika.\u00a0Cel\u00e1 dek\u00e1da byla obdob\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch, politick\u00fdch a\u00a0kulturn\u00edch zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 vyvrcholily \u201ePra\u017esk\u00fdm jarem\u201c v\u00a0roce\u00a01968. Reformn\u00ed snahy tohoto obdob\u00ed byly n\u00e1siln\u011b potla\u010deny invaz\u00ed vojsk Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy\u00a021.\u00a0srpna\u00a01968.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u00fastavn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u011b \u010d.\u00a0100\/1960\u00a0Sb. byl kladen d\u016fraz na\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f a\u00a0definov\u00e1n z\u00e1vazek st\u00e1tu zajistit pracuj\u00edc\u00edm pr\u00e1vo na\u00a0ochranu zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010debnou p\u00e9\u010di. Z\u00e1kon o\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed lidu\u00a0<\/em>(20\/1966\u00a0Sb.), v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e byly stanoveny hlavn\u00ed principy p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed obyvatelstva, se stal z\u00e1kladn\u00edm pil\u00ed\u0159em \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho zdravotnictv\u00ed. Velk\u00fd d\u016fraz byl kladen na\u00a0preventivn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala programy o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, hromadn\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 prohl\u00eddky a\u00a0osv\u011btov\u00e9 kampan\u011b. Z\u00e1kon v\u00fdslovn\u011b ukl\u00e1dal zdravotnick\u00fdm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm povinnost plnit \u00fakoly zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0rodinou, \u0161kolou, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi a\u00a0spole\u010densk\u00fdmi organizacemi, jako ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st jejich b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. P\u0159\u00edsn\u011b regulovan\u00fd a\u00a0kontrolovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m povinn\u00e9ho o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed (o\u010dkovac\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159e, o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0161koln\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch prohl\u00eddek, dohled hygienick\u00fdch stanic) vedl k\u00a0vym\u00fdcen\u00ed \u010di v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdskytu n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch infek\u010dn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed (tuberkul\u00f3za, z\u00e1\u0161krt, d\u011btsk\u00e1 obrna, \u010dern\u00fd ka\u0161el). Stoup\u00e1 incidence kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch chorob, diabetu,\u00a0onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0obezity.\u00a0[1,\u00a02,\u00a03,\u00a04]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vznikal zdravotnicko-osv\u011btov\u00fd film a\u00a0jak byl distribuov\u00e1n? <\/strong><\/h4>\n

Na tvorb\u011b zdravotn\u011b osv\u011btov\u00fdch film\u016f se pod\u00edlel \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy v Praze ve spolupr\u00e1ci s \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fdm filmem. Zdravotn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed\u00a0 pracovali na zdravotn\u011b osv\u011btov\u00fdch filmech jako poradci, se z\u00fa\u010dastnili v\u0161ech f\u00e1z\u00ed tvorby filmu zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed dramaturgii, liter\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravu, nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed a kone\u010dnou \u00fapravu filmu. Jejich prvn\u00edm \u00fakolem bylo zvolit t\u00e9ma, je\u017e m\u011blo b\u00fdt ve filmu zpracovan\u00e9, vymezit c\u00edlovou skupinu, kter\u00e9 m\u011bl b\u00fdt film ur\u010den, vybrat a obstarat literaturu k dan\u00e9mu t\u00e9matu a d\u00e1le spolu s filma\u0159i zhodnotit dosud nato\u010den\u00e9 filmy vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k uveden\u00e9 problematice. V r\u00e1mci liter\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravy zdravotn\u00edci-poradci vypracovali odborn\u00fd n\u00e1m\u011bt (podklad), prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kter\u00e9ho poskytli odborn\u00e9 informace k t\u00e9matu, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo b\u00fdt ve filmu zpracovan\u00e9. Filmov\u00fd pracovn\u00edk vypracoval filmov\u00fd n\u00e1m\u011bt, kter\u00fd obsahoval stru\u010dn\u00fd popis d\u011bje, prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m m\u011blo nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed prob\u00edhat, a kr\u00e1tkou charakteristiku \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00edc\u00edch postav. K dispozici m\u011bl zdravotn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed poskytovali odborn\u00e9 rady. Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd obvykle sc\u00e9n\u00e1ristou, obsahoval podrobn\u00fd a komplexn\u00ed popis d\u011bje, prost\u0159ed\u00ed, charakteristiku a \u00falohu hlavn\u00edch postav, fin\u00e1ln\u00ed verzi dialog\u016f, zvuk\u016f a n\u00e1zev skladby, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla film doprov\u00e1zet. I v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi tvorby filmu p\u016fsobili zdravotn\u00edci jako odborn\u00ed poradci. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00edho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e re\u017eis\u00e9r vypracoval technick\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, jen\u017e byl detailn\u011b rozpracovan\u00fd na jednotliv\u00e9 z\u00e1b\u011bry, kter\u00e9 byly o\u010d\u00edslovan\u00e9 a opat\u0159en\u00e9 technick\u00fdmi \u00fadaji a zna\u010dkami. Jednalo se o pokyny pro p\u0159\u00edpravu sc\u00e9ny, re\u017eii, kameru a osv\u011btlova\u010de. Technick\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 byl strukturov\u00e1n do dvou sloupc\u016f, a to obrazov\u00e9ho a akustick\u00e9ho. V prav\u00e9m sloupci m\u011bl zdravotn\u00edk prov\u00e9st pe\u010dlivou revizi dialog\u016f a zvuk\u016f a v lev\u00e9m obrazov\u00e9m sloupci m\u011bl zkontrolovat vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed popis d\u011bje. P\u0159i samotn\u00e9m nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed zdravotn\u00edci – poradci dohl\u00ed\u017eeli na to, aby zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l, kter\u00fd vystupoval v p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9m filmu, m\u011bl pracovn\u00ed od\u011bv a obuv, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017e\u00edval ochrann\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed pom\u016fcky. Bylo t\u0159eba kup\u0159\u00edkladu upozornit na nenasazen\u00fd \u010di \u0161patn\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd \u010depec, kter\u00fd byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sestersk\u00e9 uniformy, absenci ochrann\u00e9 z\u00e1st\u011bry u rentgenologa \u010di nevhodnou obuv \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00edc\u00edch zdravotn\u00edk\u016f. Nepat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 byly tak\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 nebo \u010derven\u011b nalakovan\u00e9 nehty, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed a vysok\u00e9 \u00fa\u010desy \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00edc\u00edch zdravotnic. Odborn\u00edci ze zdravotnictv\u00ed m\u011bli tak\u00e9 dohl\u00ed\u017eet na spr\u00e1vnost prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch zdravotn\u00edch v\u00fdkon\u016f a na vybaven\u00ed m\u00edsta, kde se sc\u00e9na nat\u00e1\u010dela. Ve st\u0159i\u017en\u011b zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed poradci dohl\u00ed\u017eeli na to, aby vybran\u00e9 a pospojovan\u00e9 filmov\u00e9 z\u00e1b\u011bry m\u011bly jasnou a srozumitelnou strukturu a poskytovan\u00e9 informace byly prezentov\u00e1ny v logick\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed. Takto vznikl\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed kopie (serviska) byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b prom\u00edt\u00e1na a prov\u00e1zena \u010dten\u00fdm koment\u00e1\u0159em za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti odborn\u00fdch poradc\u016f. Jej\u00edm spojen\u00edm se zvukov\u00fdm p\u00e1sem obsahuj\u00edc\u00edm dialogy, hudbu a zvukov\u00e9 efekty vznikla kombinovan\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed kopie respektive hotov\u00fd film. Zdravotn\u011b osv\u011btov\u00e9 filmy se nat\u00e1\u010dely ve form\u011b dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch a hran\u00fdch film\u016f a\u017e po animace. [5]<\/p>\n

Filmy nato\u010den\u00e9 za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty se zam\u011b\u0159ovaly na\u00a0\u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu t\u00e9mat, jako je p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0zuby, osobn\u00ed hygiena, t\u011blesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova, v\u00fdchova d\u011bt\u00ed, zdrav\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva, aktivn\u00ed odpo\u010dinek, sport, du\u0161evn\u00ed hygiena, d\u00e1rcovstv\u00ed krve, fungov\u00e1n\u00ed socialistick\u00e9ho zdravotnictv\u00ed, zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 rodi\u010dovstv\u00ed, sb\u011br l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch rostlin, m\u00f3da a\u00a0zdrav\u00ed, prvn\u00ed pomoc a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010dba \u00faraz\u016f a\u00a0otrav.<\/p>\n

\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty spravoval distribu\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt osv\u011btov\u00fdch film\u016f. Pravideln\u011b vych\u00e1zel katalog zdravotnick\u00e9ho filmu. Komise sestaven\u00e1 ze \u010dlen\u016f \u00dastavu pro\u00a0zdravotnickou osv\u011btu a\u00a0\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dovny film\u016f, prov\u00e1d\u011bla systematicky revizi filmov\u00e9ho fondu a\u00a0filmy, kter\u00e9 nebyly aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, stahovala z\u00a0ob\u011bhu. Krom\u011b film\u016f\u00a0 tuzemsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby byly k\u00a0dispozici filmy zahrani\u010dn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ze\u00a0zem\u00ed socialistick\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora.<\/p>\n

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Katalog zdravotnick\u00fdch film\u016f \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Zdravotnicko-v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 filmy byly prom\u00edt\u00e1ny \u010das od \u010dasu ve\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch kinech p\u0159ed\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tkem hlavn\u00edho filmu, v\u00a0s\u00edti zdravotn\u011b v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, v\u00a0televizi, v\u00a0putovn\u00edch kinech \u010di jako doprovod k\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161k\u00e1m zdravotn\u00edk\u016f po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch pro\u00a0\u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost. Zdravotn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dali p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky, si mohli\u00a0uveden\u00e9 filmy bezplatn\u011b vyp\u016fj\u010dit v\u00a0okresn\u00edch \u00fast\u0159ed\u00edch zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty, kter\u00e9 existovaly v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m okrese. Pokud zde nem\u011bli po\u017eadovan\u00fd titul, mohli se obr\u00e1tit na\u00a0krajsk\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed. Nezdravotn\u00edci si mohli p\u016fj\u010dit filmy v\u00a0krajsk\u00fdch filmov\u00fdch podnic\u00edch.\u00a0[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]<\/p>\n

Jak prob\u00edhal boj proti obezit\u011b?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>V\u00a060. letech\u00a020.\u00a0stolet\u00ed za\u010dal n\u00e1r\u016fst obezity v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku p\u0159edstavovat z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, na\u00a0kter\u00fd bylo opakovan\u011b upozor\u0148ov\u00e1no ze\u00a0strany l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f. Mezi hlavn\u00ed faktory, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaly k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu obezity, pat\u0159ila vysok\u00e1 konzumace tu\u010dn\u00e9ho vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho masa, piva, cukru a\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9 mouky. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou byl tak\u00e9 pokles fyzick\u00e9 aktivity z\u00a0d\u016fvodu \u00fabytku manu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, rostouc\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f a\u00a0tr\u00e1ven\u00edm voln\u00e9ho \u010dasu u\u00a0nov\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia televize. V\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a01960 se v\u00a0Karlov\u00fdch Varech konal celost\u00e1tn\u00ed sjezd zdravotnick\u00fdch autorit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na\u00a0problematiku obezity. P\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch v\u011bnovali r\u016fzn\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm obezity, zejm\u00e9na jej\u00ed\u00a0 p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011b, prevenci, diagnostice a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010db\u011b. Byl zde tak\u00e9 zd\u016frazn\u011bn v\u00fdznam zdravotn\u00ed osv\u011bty.\u00a0[10,\u00a011,\u00a012,\u00a014]<\/p>\n

\u00dastav pro\u00a0v\u00fdzkum ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed \u010cSAV podnikl v\u00a0roce\u00a01967 rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd celost\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u016fzkum, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo z\u00edskat poznatky o\u00a0informovanosti, postoj\u00edch a\u00a0n\u00e1vyc\u00edch dosp\u011bl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti populace, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly probl\u00e9mu obezity. Zpracov\u00e1no bylo v\u00edce ne\u017e 3\u00a0700 odpov\u011bd\u00ed respondent\u016f, vybran\u00fdch metodou kv\u00f3tn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru. Pr\u016fzkum se zam\u011b\u0159il na\u00a0znalosti ob\u010dan\u016f ohledn\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, prevence a\u00a0n\u00e1sledk\u016f obezity, jejich schopnost posoudit vlastn\u00ed t\u011blesnou hmotnost a\u00a0z\u00e1jem o\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed \u010di udr\u017een\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed hmotnosti. Rovn\u011b\u017e se zji\u0161\u0165ovalo, jak se lid\u00e9 orientuj\u00ed v\u00a0problematice spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u017eivy, jak hodnot\u00ed trh s\u00a0potravinami a\u00a0zda si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem potravin. Dal\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo zjistit, jak lid\u00e9 esteticky vn\u00edmaj\u00ed t\u011blesnou hmotnost a\u00a0jak\u00fd maj\u00ed n\u00e1zor na\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 osob s\u00a0nadv\u00e1hou. Podle z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f\u00a0\u010cSAV se znalosti a\u00a0n\u00e1zory obyvatel ohledn\u011b otylosti li\u0161ily podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch popula\u010dn\u00edch skupin. Ur\u010dit\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 rysy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159eva\u017eovaly, byly shrnuty n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: lid\u00e9 m\u011bli pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0potravin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 vedou k\u00a0obezit\u011b a\u00a0kter\u00fdm by se m\u011bli vyhnout. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 vrstvy obyvatelstva si nebyly v\u011bdomy vhodnosti rozd\u011blen\u00ed denn\u00ed d\u00e1vky potravy na\u00a0v\u00edce j\u00eddel. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed poznatky, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly vztahu obezity a\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed zdrav\u00ed, byly mezi obyvatelstvem obecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9. Z\u00e1jem o\u00a0problematiku nadv\u00e1hy a\u00a0snahu zhubnout byl zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd u\u00a0\u017een. Skoro dv\u011b t\u0159etiny m\u00edrn\u011b otyl\u00fdch a\u00a0t\u0159etina velmi otyl\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f byla spokojena se svoj\u00ed v\u00e1hou. Otylost byla pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed stav a\u00a0z\u00a0estetick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159evl\u00e1dalo kladn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed postavy norm\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo m\u00edrn\u011b \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e9. \u017deny \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e mu\u017ei spojovaly \u0161t\u00edhlost s\u00a0vysokou \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0osob s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjmem bydl\u00edc\u00edch na\u00a0venkov\u011b byla tendence spojovat nadm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem j\u00eddla s\u00a0vysokou \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed a\u00a0dostatkem potravin. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ve\u0159ejnosti nevid\u011bla v\u00a0obezit\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, z\u0159\u00eddka byla uv\u00e1d\u011bna v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed s\u00edla \u010di tukov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby na\u00a0hor\u0161\u00ed \u010dasy. Znalost Brocova indexu byla hodnocena jako velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1, vysok\u00e9 procento obyvatel ji neznalo v\u016fbec. Asi jedna desetina populace neznala vlastn\u00ed v\u00e1hu, v\u00fd\u0161ku nebo oboj\u00ed. Na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f pr\u016fzkumu byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny podklady pro\u00a0sestaven\u00ed pl\u00e1nu a\u00a0metodiky pro\u00a0soustavnou zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovu obyvatelstva ohledn\u011b stravy a\u00a0pohybu.\u00a0[13,\u00a014]<\/p>\n

Boj proti obezit\u011b byl realizov\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm publikac\u00ed, film\u016f, rozhlasov\u00fdch relac\u00ed, televizn\u00edch spot\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

V publikac\u00edch ur\u010den\u00fdch \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti, z\u00a0nich\u017e lze kup\u0159\u00edkladu jmenovat Pohybem a\u00a0dietou proti otylosti\u00a0<\/em>(1963)\u00a0[15], Otylost <\/em>(1968)\u00a0[16] \u010di\u00a0Pry\u010d s\u00a0nadm\u011brnou v\u00e1hou<\/em> (1968)\u00a0[17] bylo zpravidla nejprve objasn\u011bno, co je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e1 hmotnost a\u00a0v\u00a0jak\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jedn\u00e1 u\u017e o\u00a0nadv\u00e1hu nebo obezitu. Obvykle n\u00e1sledoval n\u00e1vod, jak si vypo\u010d\u00edtat ide\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011blesnou v\u00e1hu pomoc\u00ed Brocova vzorce. V\u00a0n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch kapitol\u00e1ch se auto\u0159i v\u011bnovali p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1m a\u00a0typ\u016fm obezity, v\u00fd\u010dtu zdravotn\u00edch n\u00e1sledk\u016f, kter\u00e9 s\u00a0obezitou souvisej\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 psychick\u00fdm a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00edm dopad\u016fm, je\u017e t\u011blnatost p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed. D\u00e1le m\u011bli \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i mo\u017enost se sezn\u00e1mit se z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami potravy a\u00a0jejich v\u00fdznamem pro\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo a\u00a0dozv\u011bd\u011bt se, jak\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve\u00a0stravov\u00e1n\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st pro\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti. Publikace obsahovaly rovn\u011b\u017e recepty na\u00a0pokrmy vhodn\u00e9 pro\u00a0reduk\u010dn\u00ed dietu a\u00a0tipy na\u00a0cviky pro\u00a0hubnut\u00ed, \u010dasto dopln\u011bn\u00e9 ilustra\u010dn\u00edmi obr\u00e1zky.\u00a0[15,\u00a016,\u00a017] Roku\u00a01966\u00a0vy\u0161la publikace Dom\u00e1c\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed pro\u00a0otyl\u00e9<\/em>, kter\u00e1 obsahovala soubory cvik\u016f, kter\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.\u00a0[18] Vych\u00e1zely tak\u00e9 kucha\u0159sk\u00e9 knihy, kter\u00e9 byly zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0n\u00edzkokalorickou dietu, kup\u0159\u00edkladu: Reduk\u010dn\u00ed dieta<\/em>\u00a0(1965)\u00a0[19], Dietn\u00ed kucha\u0159ka pro\u00a0zam\u011bstnanou \u017eenu<\/em>\u00a0(1968)\u00a0[20], Dieta p\u0159i\u00a0otylosti<\/em>\u00a0(1968)\u00a0[21] \u010di Dieta reduk\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>(1969) [22].<\/p>\n

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Dieta p\u0159i otylosti \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Mezi filmy v\u011bnovan\u00fdm prevenci a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010db\u011b obezity pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0osmn\u00e1ctiminutov\u00fd sn\u00edmek z\u00a0roku\u00a01961 s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem, Neodpo\u010d\u00edvej v\u00a0pokoji<\/em>, kter\u00fd humornou formou poukazuje na\u00a0nedostatek pohybu a\u00a0vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k\u00a0aktivn\u00edmu sportov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0zdrav\u00e9 \u017eivotospr\u00e1v\u011b. Zdrav\u00ed m\u00edsto cent\u016f<\/em>\u00a0(1961) je p\u011btiminutov\u00fd film, ve\u00a0kter\u00e9m animovan\u00e9 postavi\u010dky sv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed boj s\u00a0obezitou. Tv\u016frci hran\u00e9 agitky To nechce klid<\/em>\u00a0(1962) v osmiminutov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce objas\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny obezity a p\u0159edkl\u00e1daj\u00ed n\u00e1vod, jak se proti n\u00ed br\u00e1nit \u00fapravou j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku, sportem a turistikou. [7] Sn\u00edmek Nu\u017ee jezme<\/em>\u00a0(1966) ur\u010den\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro\u00a0vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0televizi, rekapituluje nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sady spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve\u00a0filmu Tlou\u0161\u0165ka to\u0165 d\u016fstojnost\u00a0<\/em>(1968) se tv\u016frci zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na\u00a0psychologick\u00e9 aspekty p\u0159ej\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0[9]<\/p>\n

Jak prob\u00edhala osv\u011bta o\u00a0antikoncep\u010dn\u00edch metod\u00e1ch a\u00a0prost\u0159edc\u00edch?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Osv\u011bta antikoncepce byla v \u010ceskoslovensku siln\u011b motivov\u00e1na snahou o prevenci necht\u011bn\u00e9ho t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed. Roku 1957 byl p\u0159ijat z\u00e1kon \u010d. 68\/1957 Sb., kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval interrupci ze zdravotn\u00edch, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. [23] Po zaveden\u00ed z\u00e1kona se prudce zv\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00fdch t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed po\u010det interrupc\u00ed v letech 1960-1964 byl 61 327, v letech 1965-1969 bylo provedeno ro\u010dn\u011b v pr\u016fm\u011bru 68 195 um\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed) [24, 27].<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 zm\u011bny v legislativ\u011b reflektovaly spole\u010densk\u00fd posun sm\u011brem k vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed antikoncepce jako n\u00e1stroje pro prevenci interrupc\u00ed. Informace o r\u016fzn\u00fdch antikoncep\u010dn\u00edch metod\u00e1ch, jejich principu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, aplikov\u00e1n\u00ed, spolehlivosti a dostupnosti byly \u0161\u00ed\u0159eny r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u017een\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i poskytovali \u017een\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u00ed poradenstv\u00ed ohledn\u011b nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed metody s ohledem na jej\u00ed v\u011bk, zdravotn\u00ed stav a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed. [25, 26, 27, 28] V \u010dek\u00e1rn\u00e1ch gynekologick\u00fdch ordinac\u00ed byly pacientk\u00e1m k dispozici informa\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly o antikoncepci. Jednalo se o plak\u00e1ty a let\u00e1ky s n\u00e1zvy jako: Jak se chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed\u00a0ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm ot\u011bhotn\u011bn\u00edm\u00a0<\/em>[30], Dana\u00a0–\u00a0nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed t\u011bl\u00edsko\u00a0<\/em>[29],<\/em> Pro\u00a0\u017eeny po\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9m p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>[31], Ochrana p\u0159ed\u00a0ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm t\u011bhotenstv\u00edm\u00a0<\/em>[32].<\/p>\n

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Informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1k – Nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed t\u011bl\u00edsko DANA \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny byly rovn\u011b\u017e zdravotn\u011b osv\u011btov\u00e9 publikace. V\u00a0roce\u00a01968 vych\u00e1z\u00ed bro\u017eura pod\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Antikoncepce<\/em>. Dal\u0161\u00edm zdrojem pou\u010den\u00ed byly popul\u00e1rn\u011b nau\u010dn\u00e9 publikace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0hygienu \u017eeny, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch se nach\u00e1zely kapitoly v\u011bnovan\u00e9 antikoncepci nap\u0159. Encyklopedie modern\u00ed \u017eeny\u00a0<\/em>(1964)\u00a0[34], L\u00e9ka\u0159 p\u00ed\u0161e \u017een\u00e1m\u00a0<\/em>(1967)\u00a0[35], Kapitoly o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0hygien\u011b \u017eeny<\/em>\u00a0(1967)\u00a0[36]. Antikoncep\u010dn\u00edm metod\u00e1m byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost tak\u00e9 v\u00a0publikac\u00edch ur\u010den\u00fdch ob\u011bma partner\u016fm, nap\u0159\u00edklad: \u010cten\u00ed p\u0159ed man\u017eelstv\u00edm<\/em>\u00a0(1961)\u00a0[37], Besedy se snoubenci<\/em> (1965)\u00a0[38] a\u00a0Kniha o\u00a0man\u017eelstv\u00ed: Praktick\u00fd pr\u016fvodce pohlavn\u00edm \u017eivotem a\u00a0man\u017eelstv\u00edm<\/em>\u00a0(1968)\u00a0[39]. O\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch antikoncepce a\u00a0trval\u00fdch n\u00e1sledc\u00edch interrupce informoval zdravotn\u011b osv\u011btov\u00fd film ma\u010farsk\u00e9 produkce, O\u00a0\u010dem se mus\u00ed mluvit\u00a0<\/em>(1962) [7]. Amat\u00e9rsk\u00fd film Antikoncepce<\/em>\u00a0(1965) demonstruje, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se mohou \u017eeny chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed\u00a0ot\u011bhotn\u011bn\u00edm za\u00a0pomoci pesaru\u00a0[9].<\/p>\n

Za \u00fa\u010delem poskytnut\u00ed informac\u00ed o\u00a0partnersk\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch, sexu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b a\u00a0pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed rodiny, v\u010detn\u011b pou\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0mo\u017enostech antikoncepce, byly po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny besedy pro\u00a0snoubence a\u00a0novoman\u017eele. Tyto besedy organizovali pracovn\u00edci zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty ve\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0odborem pro\u00a0ob\u010dansk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti n\u00e1rodn\u00edch v\u00fdbor\u016f. B\u011bhem \u010dty\u0159 ve\u010der\u016f prob\u00edhaly p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky gynekologa a\u00a0sexuologa, po\u00a0nich\u017e n\u00e1sledovala diskuse.\u00a0[28]<\/p>\n

Na\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech, nej\u010dast\u011bji v\u00a0gynekologick\u00fdch ordinac\u00edch, byly provozov\u00e1ny antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed poradny. T\u011bmto poradn\u00e1m byly vyhrazeny\u00a02\u20133\u00a0hodiny t\u00fddn\u011b, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0po\u010dtu z\u00e1jemky\u0148. B\u011bhem t\u011bchto setk\u00e1n\u00ed byly \u017eeny informov\u00e1ny o\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch druz\u00edch antikoncepce, v\u010detn\u011b jejich v\u00fdhod a\u00a0nev\u00fdhod. Nav\u00edc byla poskytov\u00e1na podrobn\u00e1 instrukt\u00e1\u017e, p\u0159i\u00a0kter\u00e9 se \u017eeny na\u00a0modelech u\u010dily, jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat jednotliv\u00e9 antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jim bylo p\u0159edvedeno, jak nasadit a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvat pesar. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup m\u011bl za\u00a0c\u00edl zajistit, aby \u017eeny m\u011bly nejen teoretick\u00e9 znalosti, ale tak\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 dovednosti, kter\u00e9 by jim pomohly bezpe\u010dn\u011b a\u00a0efektivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 metody antikoncepce. [26, 27,\u00a044]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky byly v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku dostupn\u00e9?<\/h4>\n

Kondomy pat\u0159ily mezi nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a\u00a0byly pom\u011brn\u011b snadno dostupn\u00e9 v\u00a0l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch prodejn\u00e1ch. Krom\u011b ochrany p\u0159ed necht\u011bn\u00fdm t\u011bhotenstv\u00edm poskytovaly tak\u00e9 ochranu p\u0159ed pohlavn\u011b p\u0159enosn\u00fdmi chorobami. Nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncepci schv\u00e1lilo v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku Ministerstvo zdravotnictv\u00ed po\u00a0klinick\u00e9m testov\u00e1n\u00ed, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledky byly prezentov\u00e1ny na\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00ed konferenci \u017eensk\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f v\u00a0Praze v\u00a0listopadu\u00a01966. Od roku\u00a01967 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bt pacientk\u00e1m nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed t\u011bl\u00edsko s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem\u00a0DANA. <\/em>Hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed pilulky byly po\u00a0klinick\u00e9m zkou\u0161en\u00ed schv\u00e1leny v\u011bdeckou radou Ministerstva zdravotnictv\u00ed v\u00a0roce\u00a01965. Prvn\u00ed pilulky tuzemsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby dostaly n\u00e1zev Antigest<\/em>, byly v\u00a0l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00e1ch vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny na\u00a0l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd p\u0159edpis a\u00a0\u017eeny, kter\u00e9 je u\u017e\u00edvaly, musely b\u00fdt pod\u00a0st\u00e1lou l\u00e9ka\u0159skou kontrolou. V l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00e1ch se prod\u00e1valy tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy pesar\u016f, spermicidn\u00ed gely, kr\u00e9my a\u00a0\u010d\u00edpky. Mezi p\u0159irozen\u00e9 antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed metody byly za\u0159azeny p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 soulo\u017e, metoda plodn\u00fdch a\u00a0neplodn\u00fdch dn\u016f a\u00a0metoda m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed baz\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty.\u00a0[26, 28,\u00a027,\u00a040,\u00a041,\u00a042,\u00a043]<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. SVOBODN\u00dd, Petr a\u00a0Ludmila HLAV\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1.\u00a0D\u011bjiny l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch<\/em>. Praha: Triton, 2004. ISBN 80-7254-424-1, s.\u00a0218,\u00a0221.<\/li>\n
  2. Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 100\/1960 Sb. \u00dastavn\u00ed z\u00e1kon ze dne 11.\u00a0\u010dervence 1960 \u00dastava \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 republiky. In:Z\u00e1kony pro\u00a0lidi\u00a0<\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9\u00a0z:\u00a0https:\/\/www.psp.cz\/docs\/texts\/constitution_1960.html<\/li>\n
  3. Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 20\/1966 Sb. Z\u00e1kon o\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed lidu. In:Z\u00e1kony pro\u00a0lidi\u00a0<\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.zakonyprolidi.cz\/cs\/1966-20<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Zdravotnick\u00e1 osv\u011bta: V\u00fdzkum. metodika. Zku\u0161enosti<\/em>. Praha: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty, 1965.<\/li>\n
  5. KOV\u00c1\u0158OV\u00c1, Anna.\u00a0Metodika pr\u00e1ce se zdravotnick\u00fdm filmem<\/em>. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy,\u00a01965.<\/li>\n
  6. BENE\u0160OV\u00c1, Eva. Zdravotnick\u00fd film<\/em>. Katalog. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01960.<\/li>\n
  7. BENE\u0160OV\u00c1, Eva. Zdravotnick\u00fd film<\/em>. Katalog. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed, 1964.<\/li>\n
  8. FRAUENTERKOV\u00c1, Libu\u0161e a\u00a0Marianna MICHALOV\u00c1.\u00a0Katalog zdravotn\u011b v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch a\u00a0v\u00fdukov\u00fdch diafilm\u016f<\/em>. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy,\u00a01968.<\/li>\n
  9. FRAUENTERKOV\u00c1, Libu\u0161e a\u00a0Marie PINTOV\u00c1.\u00a0Katalog zdravotnick\u00fdch film\u016f\u00a01965-1969<\/em>. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, 1970.<\/li>\n
  10. ADAMEC, \u010cen\u011bk a\u00a0Stanislav HEJDA. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k\u00a0frekvenci otylosti u\u00a0obyvatelstva \u010cSSR. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gastroenterologie a\u00a0v\u00fd\u017eiva<\/em>. 1965, 19(4), s.\u00a0244-246. ISSN 0009-0565.<\/li>\n
  11. \u0160ONKA, Ji\u0159\u00ed. V\u00fdznam osv\u011bty pro\u00a0prevenci a\u00a0terapii obezity. In:\u00a0Zdravotnick\u00e1 osv\u011bta<\/em>. 1964, s.\u00a048-51.<\/li>\n
  12. SLABOCHOV\u00c1, Zde\u0148ka. Celost\u00e1tn\u00ed sjezd na\u00a0t\u00e9ma otylost. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gastroenterologie a\u00a0v\u00fd\u017eiva<\/em>.\u00a01960, 14(7), s.\u00a0479. ISSN\u00a00009-0565.<\/li>\n
  13. ADAMEC, \u010cen\u011bk. Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0otylost<\/em>. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, 1969. Na\u00a0pomoc p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edm.<\/li>\n
  14. Tlou\u0161t\u00edk a\u00a0socialismus. Obezita jako v\u011bdeck\u00fd a\u00a0spole\u010densk\u00fd probl\u00e9m v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku 1948-68.\u00a0Franc, Martin.\u00a0Kud\u011bj: \u010dasopis pro\u00a0kulturn\u00ed d\u011bjiny<\/em>11, \u010d.\u00a01, (2009,) s.\u00a028-42<\/li>\n
  15. \u0160ONKA, Ji\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0Alena \u017dB\u00cdRKOV\u00c1.\u00a0Pohybem a\u00a0dietou proti otylosti<\/em>. Praha: SZdN,\u00a01963.<\/li>\n
  16. \u0160ONKA, Ji\u0159\u00ed.\u00a0Otylost<\/em>. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, 1968.<\/li>\n
  17. \u0160ONKA, Ji\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0Alena \u017dB\u00cdRKOV\u00c1.\u00a0Pry\u010d s\u00a0nadm\u011brnou v\u00e1hou<\/em>. Praha: Olympia,\u00a01968.<\/li>\n
  18. \u017dB\u00cdRKOV\u00c1, Alena a\u00a0\u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy.\u00a0Dom\u00e1c\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed pro\u00a0otyl\u00e9<\/em>. Praha:\u00a0STN, 1966.<\/li>\n
  19. SLABOCHOV\u00c1, Zde\u0148ka a Marie PAUKERTOV\u00c1.\u00a0Reduk\u010dn\u00ed dieta<\/em>. Praha:\u00a0St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01965. Diety.<\/li>\n
  20. VAV\u0158\u00cdKOV\u00c1, Ji\u0159ina.\u00a0Dietn\u00ed kucha\u0159ka pro\u00a0zam\u011bstnanou \u017eenu<\/em>. Praha:\u00a0St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01968.<\/li>\n
  21. \u0160ONKA, Ji\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0Marie P\u0158IBYLOV\u00c1-\u010c\u00c1RKOV\u00c1.\u00a0Dieta p\u0159i\u00a0otylosti<\/em>. 5.\u00a0dopl. vyd. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01968. Diety.<\/li>\n
  22. SLABOCHOV\u00c1, Zde\u0148ka a\u00a0Marie PAUKERTOV\u00c1.\u00a0Dieta reduk\u010dn\u00ed<\/em>. 2.\u00a0vyd. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01969.<\/li>\n
  23. Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 68\/1957 Sb. Z\u00e1kon o\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9m p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed. In:Z\u00e1kony pro\u00a0lidi\u00a0<\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0https:\/\/www.zakonyprolidi.cz\/cs\/1957-68<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed data o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji potratovosti, In: \u010cesk\u00fd statistick\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad<\/em>, Dostupn\u00e9 z https:\/\/www.czso.cz\/documents\/10180\/20540373\/1.pdf\/55d98bea-ac39-4a7b-80ba-d3e7bd2a74f9?version=1.0<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. JUR\u010c\u00cdKOV\u00c1, Vanda.\u00a0Zdravotnick\u00e1 osv\u011bta v boji proti interrupc\u00edm a v propagaci vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed porodnosti<\/em>. Praha: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty,\u00a01964. Metodick\u00fd list.<\/li>\n
  26. HN\u00c1TEK Ladislav. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav antikoncepce v\u00a0\u010cSSR. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gynaekologie<\/em>. Praha: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost J.E. Purkyn\u011b, 12.1960, 25<\/strong>(10), s. 725-728, ISSN 0374-6852.<\/li>\n
  27. \u010cERNOCH, Anton\u00edn, Ladislav HN\u00c1TEK a\u00a0Vladim\u00edr SRB. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my antikoncepce v\u00a0\u010cSSR. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gynaekologie<\/em>.\u00a01963,\u00a028\/42<\/strong>(7),\u00a0443-445. ISSN\u00a00374-6852<\/li>\n
  28. DR\u00c1\u010c, Pavel a\u00a0Miroslav SL\u00c1DEK. Metodika osv\u011bty antikoncepce. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gynaekologie<\/em>. 1960, 25\/39<\/strong>(10),s.\u00a0733-736. ISSN\u00a00374-6852.<\/li>\n
  29. Dana – nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed t\u011bl\u00edsko<\/em>. [M\u00edsto vyd\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9]: [nakladatel nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd],\u00a01967. Informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1k.<\/li>\n
  30. V\u00c1CHA, Karel.\u00a0Jak se chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm ot\u011bhotn\u011bn\u00edm.\u00a0<\/em>Praha: \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy,\u00a01966. Informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1k.<\/li>\n
  31. Pro \u017eeny po um\u011bl\u00e9m p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed<\/em>. Praha: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty,\u00a01963. Informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1k.<\/li>\n
  32. Ochrana p\u0159ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm t\u011bhotenstv\u00edm<\/em>. Praha: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav zdravotnick\u00e9 osv\u011bty,\u00a01962.<\/li>\n
  33. HAVR\u00c1NEK, Franti\u0161ek a\u00a0Helena DYKOV\u00c1.\u00a0Antikoncepce<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01968.<\/li>\n
  34. Encyklopedie modern\u00ed \u017eeny<\/em>. Praha: Nakladatelstv\u00ed politick\u00e9 literatury,\u00a01964.<\/li>\n
  35. HORSK\u00dd, Jan, Vil\u00e9m SCH\u00d6NFELD a\u00a0Bohum\u00edr VEDRA. L\u00e9ka\u0159 p\u00ed\u0161e \u017een\u00e1m<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01967.<\/li>\n
  36. LAN\u011a, V\u00e1clav. Kapitoly o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0hygien\u011b \u017eeny<\/em>. Praha: Z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01967.<\/li>\n
  37. BART\u00c1K, Vladim\u00edr. \u010cten\u00ed p\u0159ed man\u017eelstv\u00edm<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01961.<\/li>\n
  38. BART\u00c1K, Vladim\u00edr. Besedy se snoubenci<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed,\u00a01965.<\/li>\n
  39. Stone, Hannah M. (Hannah Mayer) a\u00a0Abraham STONE. Kniha o\u00a0man\u017eelstv\u00ed: Praktick\u00fd pr\u016fvodce pohlavn\u00edm \u017eivotem a\u00a0man\u017eelstv\u00edm<\/em>. Praha: St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed, 1968.<\/li>\n
  40. JAGER, J. a Jaroslav ANTO\u0160. Dal\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed antikoncepce.\u00a0Zdravotnick\u00e1 pracovnice<\/em>.\u00a01963,\u00a013<\/strong>(5), 241-243. ISSN\u00a00049-8572.<\/li>\n
  41. TR\u010cA, Stanislav. Nitrod\u011blo\u017en\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky.\u00a0Zdravotnick\u00e1 pracovnice<\/em>.\u00a01966,\u00a016<\/strong>(5), 250-251. ISSN\u00a00049-8572.<\/li>\n
  42. TR\u010cA, Stanislav. Antikoncepce d\u0159\u00edve a dnes.\u00a0Zdravotnick\u00e1 pracovnice<\/em>.\u00a01966,\u00a016<\/strong>(2), s.\u00a069-70. ISSN\u00a00049-8572.<\/li>\n
  43. HN\u00c1TEK, Ladislav a Miroslav SL\u00c1DEK. K\u00a0technice zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed antikoncep\u010dn\u00edch pesar\u016f.\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 gynekologie<\/em>.\u00a01960,\u00a025\/39<\/strong>(10),\u00a0749-753.<\/li>\n
  44. KOHOUTEK, Miroslav. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti z antikoncep\u010dn\u00ed poradny.\u00a0Sborn\u00edk mezikrajsk\u00e9 konference \u017eensk\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch kraj\u016f z 15.-17.\u00a0 kv\u011btna 1959 v Praze<\/em>. 1960,144-146.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    <\/div>\n

    \r\n

    Citace<\/h2>\r\n

    SUR\u00c1, Alexandra. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i>. Online. 2024, ro\u010d. 29, \u010d. 1-2. ISSN 1804-2031. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8219<\/a> [cit. 05.11.2026].\r\n<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK Po\u010d\u00e1tky\u00a060.\u00a0let se nesly v\u00a0duchu nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy, kterou byl zm\u011bn\u011bn n\u00e1zev st\u00e1tu z\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 republika na\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 republika.\u00a0Cel\u00e1 dek\u00e1da byla obdob\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch, politick\u00fdch a\u00a0kulturn\u00edch zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 vyvrcholily \u201ePra\u017esk\u00fdm jarem\u201c v\u00a0roce\u00a01968. Reformn\u00ed snahy tohoto obdob\u00ed byly n\u00e1siln\u011b potla\u010deny invaz\u00ed vojsk Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy\u00a021.\u00a0srpna\u00a01968. V\u00a0\u00fastavn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u011b \u010d.\u00a0100\/1960\u00a0Sb. byl kladen d\u016fraz na\u00a0p\u00e9\u010di o\u00a0zdrav\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f a\u00a0definov\u00e1n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"parent":8203,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-8219","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8219"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9250,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8219\/revisions\/9250"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}