{"id":9618,"date":"2026-06-29T10:28:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-29T08:28:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/?page_id=9618"},"modified":"2026-09-08T15:06:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T13:06:53","slug":"zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-cloveka-21-stoleti-prvni-dekada","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/2026-31-1-2\/zdravi-a-nemoc-v-povedomi-cloveka-21-stoleti-prvni-dekada\/","title":{"rendered":"Zdrav\u00ed a nemoc v pov\u011bdom\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka 21. stolet\u00ed: prvn\u00ed dek\u00e1da"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed dek\u00e1da\u00a021.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se nesla ve znamen\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 integrace, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho r\u016fstu, modernizace zdravotnictv\u00ed a\u00a0rychl\u00e9ho rozvoje informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed byl vstup \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky do\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0roce\u00a02004. \u010cesk\u00e1\u00a0republika p\u0159ijala dlouhodob\u00fd program zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotn\u00edho stavu obyvatelstva s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Zdrav\u00ed\u00a021<\/strong>.\u00a0[1,\u00a02]Tento program byl vypracov\u00e1n na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b deklarace Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace\u00a0(WHO) z\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a01998 s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Health\u00a021<\/strong>\u00a0(21\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f pro\u00a021.\u00a0stolet\u00ed). Jeho hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed pln\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu v\u0161ech lid\u00ed. Pro tento \u00fa\u010del byly stanoveny dva hlavn\u00ed c\u00edle:\u00a01. B\u011bhem \u017eivota \u010dlov\u011bka podporovat jeho zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0chr\u00e1nit jej;\u00a02.\u00a0Sn\u00ed\u017eit v\u00fdskyt nemoc\u00ed\u00a0(zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch s\u00a0vysokou \u00famrtnost\u00ed) a\u00a0omezit lidsk\u00e9 str\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nemoci p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed.\u00a0[1,\u00a02,\u00a03,]Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace i\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u011bnuj\u00ed rostouc\u00ed pozornost zdravotn\u00ed gramotnosti<\/strong>, kterou roku\u00a0 1998 WHO definovala jako: Soubor kognitivn\u00edch a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00edch schopnost\u00ed ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch motivaci a\u00a0zp\u016fsobilost jednotlivc\u016f k tomu, aby si dok\u00e1zali z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k informac\u00edm, porozum\u011bli jim a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvali je zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd podporuje a\u00a0udr\u017euje dobr\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.\u00a0[4]<\/p>\n

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Bro\u017eura k programu Zdrav\u00ed 21 \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 bylo pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0zoon\u00f3z\u00e1ch, jako je nemoc \u0161\u00edlen\u00fdch krav, pta\u010d\u00ed \u010di prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b objevily v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a\u00a0vyvolaly glob\u00e1ln\u00ed obavy?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bovinn\u00ed spongiformn\u00ed encefalopatie – nemoc \u0161\u00edlen\u00fdch krav\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roku\u00a02001 bylo v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice potvrzeno onemocn\u011bn\u00ed bovinn\u00ed spongiformn\u00ed encefalopati\u00ed\u00a0(BSE) u\u00a0dojnice v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m dru\u017estvu na\u00a0Jihlavsku.\u00a0[5] Nemoc \u0161\u00edlen\u00fdch krav, jak se toto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed lidov\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1, se projevuje agresivitou v\u016f\u010di ostatn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm, neklidem, poruchami koordinace a\u00a0\u00fabytkem svalov\u00e9 hmoty. \u0158ad\u00ed se mezi prionov\u00e9 choroby, tedy onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e1 patogenn\u00edmi b\u00edlkovinami.<\/p>\n

Ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii se bovinn\u00ed spongiformn\u00ed encefalopatie vyskytovala v 80. a 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee se n\u00e1kaza do chov\u016f skotu dostala ji\u017e v 70. letech prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm krmiv obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch masokostn\u00ed mou\u010dku vyrobenou z ovc\u00ed naka\u017een\u00fdch skrapi\u00ed (klusavka). Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed bylo spojeno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm obchodem s krmivy a \u017eiv\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty.<\/p>\n

Pro\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka konzumace masa kontaminovan\u00e9ho BSE p\u0159edstavuje riziko vzniku neurodegenerativn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo ozna\u010deno jako nov\u00e1 varianta Creutzfeldtovy\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Jakobovy choroby\u00a0(vCJD). Tato smrteln\u00e1 choroba se u lid\u00ed projevuje psychick\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami a\u00a0postupn\u00fdm \u00fapadkem kognitivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed.\u00a0[6,\u00a07,\u00a08]<\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1vy o\u00a0p\u0159enosu n\u00e1kazy ze\u00a0skotu na\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kontaminovan\u00e9ho hov\u011bz\u00edho masa vyvolaly zna\u010dn\u00e9 obavy ve\u0159ejnosti. Tato situace sou\u010dasn\u011b otev\u0159ela celospole\u010denskou debatu o\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti potravin, efektivit\u011b veterin\u00e1rn\u00edch kontrol a\u00a0nutnosti d\u016fsledn\u00e9ho dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed hygienick\u00fdch standard\u016f potravin. St\u00e1tn\u00ed veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed spr\u00e1va ve\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0Ministerstvem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed rozeslala chovatel\u016fm skotu informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 obsahovaly popis onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, jeho klinick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky, inkuba\u010dn\u00ed dobu a\u00a0v\u00fdzvu, aby v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b podez\u0159en\u00ed chovatel\u00e9 kontaktovali veterin\u00e1\u0159e nebo krajskou veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu.\u00a0[9]<\/p>\n

Za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem edukace \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti byly vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny informa\u010dn\u00ed let\u00e1ky a\u00a0bro\u017eury, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch byla srozumiteln\u011b a\u00a0p\u0159ehledn\u011b vysv\u011btlena podstata bovinn\u00ed spongiformn\u00ed encefalopatie, zp\u016fsob jej\u00edho p\u0159enosu, projevy u\u00a0skotu, lidsk\u00e1 varianta t\u00e9to nemoci a\u00a0nezbytn\u00e1 preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Spojitost lidsk\u00e9 varianty onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0konzumac\u00ed hov\u011bz\u00edho masa vedla k tomu, \u017ee se lid\u00e9 za\u010dali v\u00edce zaj\u00edmat o\u00a0to, odkud maso poch\u00e1z\u00ed, zda pro\u0161lo veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed kontrolou a\u00a0jestli v chovu nebyla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na rizikov\u00e1 krmiva, nap\u0159\u00edklad masokostn\u00ed mou\u010dka. V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vznikala \u0159ada konspira\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich spojovaly \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed BSE se snahou o\u00a0likvidaci tradi\u010dn\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, oslaben\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch chovatel\u016f \u010di zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen hov\u011bz\u00edho masa.\u00a0[6,\u00a07,\u00a08]<\/p>\n

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Popul\u00e1rn\u011b-nau\u010dn\u00e1 publikace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na osv\u011btu BSE \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Av<\/strong>i\u00e1rn\u00ed influenza \u2013 pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Virus pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou schopnost\u00ed rychle mutovat a\u00a0vyskytuje se v\u00a0mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch kmenech. Toto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed bylo u\u00a0pt\u00e1k\u016f zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1no ji\u017e v\u00a0minulosti a\u00a0ozna\u010dovalo se jako ku\u0159ec\u00ed (pta\u010d\u00ed) mor. Prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu viru z\u00a0ope\u0159ence na\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka byl zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00a0roce\u00a01997 v\u00a0Hongkongu. Odtud se n\u00e1kaza postupn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed Asie. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byl virus potvrzen tak\u00e9 v\u00a0jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta, v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 unie. Byly hl\u00e1\u0161eny p\u0159\u00edpady n\u00e1kazy mezi ptactvem i\u00a0p\u0159enosu viru z\u00a0pt\u00e1k\u016f na\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka. V\u00a0roce\u00a02006 se v\u00fdskyt pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky poprv\u00e9 potvrdil u\u00a0voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f na\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky. O\u00a0rok pozd\u011bji, v\u00a0roce\u00a02007, byl zaznamen\u00e1n prvn\u00ed\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad zavle\u010den\u00ed n\u00e1kazy do\u00a0chovu dr\u016fbe\u017ee. V\u00a0reakci na\u00a0celosv\u011btov\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky a\u00a0jej\u00ed v\u00fdskyt v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republice byla p\u0159ijata mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. P\u0159i\u00a0vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky se vedle tradi\u010dn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159ily televize, rozhlas a\u00a0tisk, v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed stal internet, kter\u00fd nab\u00edzel jak zpravodajsk\u00e9 port\u00e1ly, tak ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed. Ve\u0159ejnost tak m\u011bla mo\u017enost z\u00edskat aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 informace zve\u0159ej\u0148ovan\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad St\u00e1tn\u00ed veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou, Ministerstvem zdravotnictv\u00ed \u010cR, St\u00e1tn\u00edm zdravotn\u00edm \u00fastavem nebo krajsk\u00fdmi hygienick\u00fdmi stanicemi. Poskytovan\u00e9 informace se zam\u011b\u0159ovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na\u00a0v\u00fdskyt pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky u\u00a0voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho ptactva a\u00a0v\u00a0chovech dr\u016fbe\u017ee, na\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0prevenc\u00ed a\u00a0kontrolou \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1kazy. Sou\u010dasn\u011b byly vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny informa\u010dn\u00ed bro\u017eury, kter\u00e9 podrobn\u011b popisovaly mo\u017enosti zabezpe\u010den\u00ed chov\u016f p\u0159ed n\u00e1kazou, p\u0159\u00edznaky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed i\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00e9 postupy p\u0159i\u00a0podez\u0159en\u00ed na\u00a0v\u00fdskyt infekce.\u00a0[10,\u00a011,\u00a012]<\/p>\n

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Bro\u017eura ur\u010den\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti k problematice pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

A\u00a0(H1N1)\u00a0prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0b\u0159eznu\u00a02009 byla ve\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00edm Mexiku hl\u00e1\u0161ena n\u00e1kaza \u010dlov\u011bka virem ozna\u010den\u00fdm jako A\u00a0(H1N1). V\u00a0dubnu t\u00e9ho\u017e roku byl virus potvrzen v\u00a0Kalifornii a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b se za\u010dal \u0161\u00ed\u0159it do\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u011bta. Ve\u00a0stejn\u00e9m roce se objevily tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady n\u00e1kazy v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Centrum pro\u00a0kontrolu a\u00a0prevenci nemoc\u00ed\u00a0(CDC) ve\u00a0Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech potvrdilo, \u017ee tyto p\u0159\u00edpady lidsk\u00e9 ch\u0159ipky byly zp\u016fsobeny nov\u00fdm kmenem viru ch\u0159ipky podtypu A\u00a0(H1N1). Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace\u00a0(WHO) prohl\u00e1sila toto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dervnu\u00a02009 za\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pandemii. Mezi hlavn\u00ed symptomy t\u00e9to ch\u0159ipky, u\u00a0kter\u00e9 byl potvrzen p\u0159enos z\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka na\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka, pat\u0159\u00ed hore\u010dka, bolesti hlavy a\u00a0sval\u016f, d\u00fdchac\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee, bolest v\u00a0krku, a\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech tak\u00e9 zvracen\u00ed nebo pr\u016fjem. Virus ch\u0159ipky typu A\u00a0(H1N1) obsahuje geny ch\u0159ipkov\u00fdch vir\u016f prasat, pt\u00e1k\u016f a\u00a0lid\u00ed.\u00a0[13] Pro\u00a0onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tento virus u \u010dlov\u011bka zp\u016fsobuje, se v\u017eil n\u00e1zev \u201eprase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka\u201c. Ten byl b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n po\u00a0cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, a\u00a0to v\u010detn\u011b Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace\u00a0(WHO), odborn\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 literatury i\u00a0m\u00e9di\u00ed. Uveden\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed nemoci vzniklo na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b genetick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu viru. Ozna\u010den\u00ed prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka pro\u00a0virus A\u00a0(H1N1) vyvolalo ve\u00a0sv\u011bt\u011b zna\u010dnou nevoli. Proti term\u00ednu se ohradili politici i\u00a0z\u00e1stupci masn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu a\u00a0gastronomie. Poukazovali na\u00a0skute\u010dnost, \u017ee uveden\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u00a0ve\u0159ejnosti p\u0159edsudky, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se konzumace vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho masa, co\u017e povede k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu poklesu popt\u00e1vky po\u00a0vep\u0159ov\u00fdch produktech i\u00a0k\u00a0negativn\u00edm dopad\u016fm na\u00a0ekonomiku. Probl\u00e9m s\u00a0pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm nastal tak\u00e9 v\u00a0muslimsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a\u00a0Izraeli, jeliko\u017e v\u00a0isl\u00e1mu a\u00a0judaismu je prase pova\u017eov\u00e1no za\u00a0ne\u010dist\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e. Pro\u00a0samotn\u00e9 pacienty by nav\u00edc bylo stigmatizuj\u00edc\u00ed, pokud by se toto ozna\u010den\u00ed objevilo v\u00a0jejich l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 dokumentaci jako diagn\u00f3za.\u00a0[14,\u00a015] Pro\u00a0pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se objevila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada n\u00e1zv\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 snahy vedly k\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00ed epidemie podle geografick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu, nap\u0159\u00edklad mexick\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka \u010di kalifornsk\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka. Stoupenci ozna\u010den\u00ed severoamerick\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka poukazovali na\u00a0souvislost onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0viry dom\u00e1c\u00edch prasat v\u00a0Severn\u00ed Americe. Objevovala se tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad nov\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka, mexick\u00e1 prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka, prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipka A\u00a0(H1N1).\u00a0[13,\u00a014,\u00a016,\u00a018] \u201eN\u00e1zvy prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed rychleji ne\u017e samotn\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka,\u201c konstatoval redaktor presti\u017en\u00edho \u010dasopisu Science, Martin\u00a0Enserink.\u00a0[17] Nakonec Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace\u00a0(WHO) ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee ch\u0159ipku bude ozna\u010dovat jako A\u00a0(H1N1).\u00a0[18] Ve\u0159ejnost byla o\u00a0n\u00e1kaze informov\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00ed, let\u00e1k\u016f, bro\u017eur a\u00a0webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek. Ministerstvo zdravotnictv\u00ed z\u0159\u00eddilo speci\u00e1ln\u00ed web s\u00a0pokyny, doporu\u010den\u00edmi a\u00a0informacemi o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edznac\u00edch nemoci, zp\u016fsobech jej\u00edho p\u0159enosu, mo\u017enostech sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika n\u00e1kazy a\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00fdch postupech v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav\u00a0(SZ\u00da) d\u00e1le zve\u0159ejnil materi\u00e1ly Evropsk\u00e9ho st\u0159ediska pro prevenci a kontrolu nemoc\u00ed\u00a0(ECDC), kter\u00e9 obsahovaly odpov\u011bdi na\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dotazy.\u00a0[19,\u00a020]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 byla osv\u011bta prevence onkologick\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed a\u00a0jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byla podpo\u0159ena N\u00e1rodn\u00edm onkologick\u00fdm programem?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0listopadu\u00a02003 se konala v\u00a0\u017eenevsk\u00e9m s\u00eddle Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace\u00a0(WHO) pracovn\u00ed konference k\u00a0pos\u00edlen\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch program\u016f v\u00a0boji proti rakovin\u011b.\u00a0[21] Konference se z\u00fa\u010dastnili z\u00e1stupci \u010cesk\u00e9 onkologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, Ligy proti rakovin\u011b a\u00a0Ministerstva zdravotnictv\u00ed\u00a0\u010cR. V\u00a0souladu se\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bry Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace byl na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b podm\u00ednek a\u00a0pot\u0159eb \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky \u00a0vypracov\u00e1n N\u00e1rodn\u00ed onkologick\u00fd program \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky<\/strong>. Po\u00a0sv\u00e9m schv\u00e1len\u00ed v\u00a0roce\u00a02003 byl v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t aktualizov\u00e1n. C\u00edle, kter\u00e9 si N\u00e1rodn\u00ed onkologick\u00fd program stanovil, zahrnuj\u00ed prevenci n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u00famrtnosti na\u00a0tato onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality \u017eivota onkologick\u00fdch pacient\u016f a\u00a0racionalizaci n\u00e1klad\u016f na\u00a0diagnostiku a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010dbu n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co se t\u00fd\u010de osv\u011bty, hlavn\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brem programu byla odborn\u00e1 podpora vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti prevence onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed na\u00a0\u0161kol\u00e1ch a\u00a0popularizace prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence t\u011bchto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed mezi \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed s\u00a0d\u016frazem na\u00a0zdrav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed styl.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed programu byla rovn\u011b\u017e podpora informovanosti ve\u0159ejnosti o\u00a0mo\u017enostech v\u010dasn\u00e9 diagnostiky a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010dby zhoubn\u00fdch n\u00e1dor\u016f. V\u00a0oblasti v\u010dasn\u00e9 diagnostiky byl kladen d\u016fraz na\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9ho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00ed podporu screeningov\u00fdch program\u016f karcinomu prsu, d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho hrdla a\u00a0kolorekt\u00e1ln\u00edho karcinomu. Pozornost se z\u00e1rove\u0148 soust\u0159edila na\u00a0v\u010dasn\u00fd z\u00e1chyt n\u00e1dor\u016f ve\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0praktiky, inovaci preventivn\u00edch prohl\u00eddek a\u00a0plo\u0161nou dostupnost onkologick\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de.\u00a0[21,\u00a022,\u00a023]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 podklady slou\u017eily k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1sad prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee ur\u010ditou roli p\u0159i\u00a0vzniku zhoubn\u00fdch n\u00e1dor\u016f hraje d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1 predispozice, v\u00fdznamn\u011b je ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktory, zejm\u00e9na \u017eivotospr\u00e1va a\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byla prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prevenci v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pozornost.<\/p>\n

Vstupem do\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0roce\u00a02004 se \u010cesk\u00e1 republika za\u0159adila mezi zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ijaly Evropsk\u00fd kodex proti rakovin\u011b. Tento dokument obsahuje doporu\u010den\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu, jejich\u017e dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika vzniku rakoviny. Kodex byl vypracov\u00e1n na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f a\u00a0stal se podkladem programu Evropa proti rakovin\u011b, kter\u00fd byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en v\u00a0roce\u00a01986 pod\u00a0z\u00e1\u0161titou Asociace evropsk\u00fdch lig proti rakovin\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u00edch dvan\u00e1ct\u00a0\u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f Evropsk\u00e9\u00a0unie jej tehdy p\u0159ijalo jako podklad onkologick\u00e9 prevence. Kodex byl v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t\u00a0aktualizov\u00e1n.\u00a0[24]<\/p>\n

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Informa\u010dn\u00ed tisk k Evropsk\u00e9mu kodexu proti rakovin\u011b \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00fdchova ke\u00a0zdrav\u00ed vy\u017eaduje mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed populaci; nezbytn\u00e9 bylo tak\u00e9 formov\u00e1n\u00ed postoj\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1vyk\u016f jedinc\u016f a\u00a0odpov\u011bdn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0vlastn\u00edmu zdrav\u00ed. Proto byly vytv\u00e1\u0159eny interven\u010dn\u00ed programy prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence, kter\u00e9 reagovaly na\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed problematiku a\u00a0c\u00edlily na\u00a0vybran\u00e9 skupiny obyvatel. P\u0159\u00edkladem je projekt Potravinov\u00e1\u00a0pyramida<\/strong>, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo pomoc\u00ed grafick\u00e9ho zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed poskytnout jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1vod k\u00a0sestaven\u00ed j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku. C\u00edlem programu Zdrav\u00e9\u00a0t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed\u00a0\u2013\u00a0zdrav\u00e9\u00a0d\u00edt\u011b<\/strong> bylo sn\u00ed\u017eit prevalenci kou\u0159en\u00ed u\u00a0t\u011bhotn\u00fdch \u017een\u00a0prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm edukace o\u00a0\u0161kodlivosti tab\u00e1kov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f v r\u00e1mci prenat\u00e1ln\u00edch poraden. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se n\u011bkter\u00e9 matky po porodu op\u011bt vracej\u00ed ke kou\u0159en\u00ed, zam\u011b\u0159il se na\u00a0tuto c\u00edlovou skupinu\u00a0(rodi\u010dky v\u00a0porodnic\u00edch a\u00a0koj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny) preventivn\u00ed program Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed je kojit a\u00a0nekou\u0159it<\/strong>. Program pro\u00a0mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly My nechceme kou\u0159it\u00a0\u2013\u00a0ani pasivn\u011b <\/strong>byl vytvo\u0159en ve\u00a0snaze vychov\u00e1vat d\u011bti k\u00a0neku\u0159\u00e1ctv\u00ed a formovat jejich zdrav\u00e9 postoje v\u016f\u010di kou\u0159en\u00ed ji\u017e v ran\u00e9m v\u011bku. Program Kou\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0j\u00e1 <\/strong>byl ur\u010den d\u011btem \u0161koln\u00edho v\u011bku, tedy obdob\u00ed, kdy se u d\u011bt\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed objevovat prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti s kou\u0159en\u00edm a kdy jsou nejv\u00edce ovlivniteln\u00e9 vrstevn\u00edky i\u00a0okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm. Program Neku\u0159\u00e1ck\u00e9\u00a0zdravotnictv\u00ed<\/strong> byl zam\u011b\u0159en na\u00a0zdravotnick\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky a\u00a0studenty l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch a\u00a0zdravotnick\u00fdch obor\u016f s\u00a0c\u00edlem omezit kou\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0pos\u00edlit jejich role jako vzor\u016f zdrav\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed pro\u00a0pacienty i\u00a0ve\u0159ejnost.\u00a0[25]<\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byla podporov\u00e1na sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mezi metody sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed screening. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice byly pod\u00a0z\u00e1\u0161titou Ministerstva\u00a0zdravotnictv\u00ed\u00a0\u010cR do\u00a0konce prvn\u00edho\u00a0desetilet\u00ed\u00a021.\u00a0stolet\u00ed postupn\u011b zavedeny t\u0159i\u00a0celoplo\u0161n\u00e9 screeningov\u00e9 programy: screening kolorekt\u00e1ln\u00edho karcinomu, screening karcinomu prsu a\u00a0screening karcinomu d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho hrdla.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce\u00a02000 byl v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice zah\u00e1jen N\u00e1rodn\u00ed program screeningu kolorekt\u00e1ln\u00edho karcinomu. Asymptomatick\u00fdm osob\u00e1m star\u0161\u00edm\u00a050\u00a0let byl praktick\u00fdmi l\u00e9ka\u0159i v\u00a0r\u00e1mci preventivn\u00edch prohl\u00eddek nab\u00edzen jednou ro\u010dn\u011b test na\u00a0okultn\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed do\u00a0stolice. Osoby s\u00a0pozitivn\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem byly odesl\u00e1ny ke\u00a0kolonoskopii. V\u00a0roce\u00a02009 do\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00faprav\u011b screeningov\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu. Pro\u00a0v\u011bkovou skupinu\u00a050 a\u017e 54\u00a0let z\u016fstalo zachov\u00e1no jednolet\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed testu na\u00a0okultn\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed do\u00a0stolice. Od\u00a0v\u011bku\u00a055\u00a0let byla zavedena mo\u017enost volby mezi testem na\u00a0okultn\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed do\u00a0stolice ve\u00a0dvoulet\u00e9m intervalu nebo screeningovou kolonoskopi\u00ed jednou za\u00a0deset\u00a0let.\u00a0[26]<\/p>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed program screeningu karcinomu prsu byl v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republice zah\u00e1jen v\u00a0roce\u00a02002. Byl ur\u010den \u017een\u00e1m ve\u00a0v\u011bku 45\u201369 let a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148oval absolvovat mamografick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0dvoulet\u00fdch intervalech na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b \u017e\u00e1danky vystaven\u00e9 praktick\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159em nebo gynekologem, kte\u0159\u00ed o\u00a0tomto programu informovali sv\u00e9\u00a0pacientky v\u00a0r\u00e1mci preventivn\u00edch prohl\u00eddek a\u00a0doporu\u010dovali jeho pravideln\u00e9 absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00a0roce\u00a02010 byla horn\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00e1 hranice pro\u00a0\u00fa\u010dast v\u00a0programu zru\u0161ena. Zaveden\u00ed programu p\u0159edch\u00e1zel pilotn\u00ed projekt realizovan\u00fd na\u00a0p\u0159elomu let\u00a02001\u00a0a\u00a02002. O\u00a0zah\u00e1jen\u00ed pilotn\u00edho projektu informovala m\u00e9dia a\u00a0program se setkal s\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem \u017een. K\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm osobnostem rozvoje mamodiagnostiky v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice pat\u0159\u00ed MUDr.\u00a0Miroslava Skovajsov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 zalo\u017eila n\u011bkolik diagnostick\u00fdch center v\u00a0Praze. Jej\u00ed koncepce kladla d\u016fraz nejen na\u00a0kvalitn\u00ed diagnostiku v\u00a0akreditovan\u00fdch pracovi\u0161t\u00edch, ale i\u00a0na\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 objednac\u00ed lh\u016fty a\u00a0pr\u00e1vo \u017eeny zn\u00e1t v\u00fdsledek vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0den jeho proveden\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nejpozd\u011bji do\u00a0t\u0159\u00ed\u00a0dn\u016f.\u00a0Tento p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159edstavoval pro\u00a0\u017eeny vst\u0159\u00edcn\u00fd servis, kter\u00fd je motivoval k\u00a0pravideln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti na\u00a0prevenci. Rychl\u00e1 dostupnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f nav\u00edc v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby umo\u017e\u0148ovala okam\u017eit\u00e9 zah\u00e1jen\u00ed navazuj\u00edc\u00ed diagnostiky \u010di l\u00e9\u010dby.\u00a0[27,\u00a028,\u00a029]<\/p>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed program screeningu karcinomu d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho hrdla byl v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice zah\u00e1jen v\u00a0roce\u00a02008. \u017deny star\u0161\u00ed\u00a015\u00a0let m\u011bly z\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jednou\u00a0ro\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1rok na\u00a0cytologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se prov\u00e1d\u011blo b\u011bhem preventivn\u00ed prohl\u00eddky u\u00a0registrovan\u00e9ho gynekologa. Laborato\u0159e, ve kter\u00fdch se prov\u00e1d\u011blo vyhodnocen\u00ed odeb\u00edran\u00fdch vzork\u016f, musely spl\u0148ovat krit\u00e9ria akreditovan\u00e9ho cytologick\u00e9ho pracovi\u0161t\u011b. Sou\u010dasn\u011b bylo stanoveno, \u017ee \u017eeny ve v\u011bku\u00a025\u201360 let, kter\u00e9 v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dvou letech neabsolvovaly preventivn\u00ed gynekologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, budou zdravotn\u00ed poji\u0161\u0165ovnou informov\u00e1ny o\u00a0mo\u017enosti podstoupit toto vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Pokud se k\u00a0n\u011bmu nedostavily, byly opakovan\u011b oslovov\u00e1ny ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok. P\u0159esto\u017ee programy prevence karcinomu d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho hrdla realizovan\u00e9 ji\u017e od\u00a060.\u00a0let\u00a020.\u00a0stolet\u00ed p\u0159inesly v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, zaveden\u00ed organizovan\u00e9ho screeningov\u00e9ho programu p\u0159edstavovalo dal\u0161\u00ed krok ke\u00a0zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed, standardizaci a\u00a0systematizaci preventivn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de.\u00a0[30,\u00a031]<\/p>\n

\"\"

Let\u00e1k zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na prevenci rakoviny d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho hrdla \/ NLK<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence a\u00a0v\u010dasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1chytu n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se vedle organizovan\u00fdch screeningov\u00fdch program\u016f doporu\u010dovalo nejen pravideln\u00e9 samovy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed prsu a\u00a0varlat, ale tak\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed varovn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohly prov\u00e1zet jak\u00e1koli dal\u0161\u00ed onkologick\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem prim\u00e1rn\u00ed a\u00a0sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence byly vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny r\u016fzn\u00e9 osv\u011btov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako jsou let\u00e1ky, bro\u017eury, plak\u00e1ty a samolepky. Na\u00a0jejich tvorb\u011b a\u00a0distribuci se pod\u00edlely instituce a\u00a0organizace, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed kup\u0159\u00edkladu St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav, \u00dastav zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, Liga proti rakovin\u011b, Masaryk\u016fv onkologick\u00fd \u00fastav, Fakultn\u00ed nemocnice u\u00a0sv.\u00a0Anny v\u00a0Brn\u011b \u010di organizace Europa\u00a0Donna.\u00a0[24, 32-42]<\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e byly po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny aktivity a\u00a0kampan\u011b, kter\u00e9 upozor\u0148ovaly na\u00a0v\u00fdznam prevence a\u00a0v\u010dasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1chytu n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad Kv\u011btinov\u00fd sb\u00edrkov\u00fd den<\/strong>, kter\u00fd od\u00a0roku\u00a02007 nese n\u00e1zev \u010cesk\u00fd den proti rakovin\u011b<\/strong>. Sb\u00edrku uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Liga proti rakovin\u011b v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republice poprv\u00e9 v\u00a0roce\u00a01997, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenku tehdy p\u0159evzala z\u00a0konceptu tzv.\u00a0Daffodil Days<\/em>\u00a0(Narcisov\u00fdch dn\u016f), kter\u00e9 se konaly v\u00a0Irsku a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1tech po\u00a0cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. C\u00edlem t\u00e9to ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed akce je informovat ve\u0159ejnost o\u00a0prevenci onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00edskat finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na\u00a0boj proti nim. B\u011bhem sb\u00edrky dobrovoln\u00edci v\u00a0ulic\u00edch \u010di na\u00a0pevn\u00fdch distribu\u010dn\u00edch m\u00edstech (v\u00a0obchodech, firm\u00e1ch, centrech \u010di knihovn\u00e1ch) nab\u00edzej\u00ed za\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek\u00a020\u00a0K\u010d \u017elut\u00e9 kyti\u010dky se \u0161pendl\u00edkem k\u00a0p\u0159ipnut\u00ed spolu s\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm let\u00e1kem o\u00a0onkologick\u00e9 prevenci. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok je vyhl\u00e1\u0161eno jedno hlavn\u00ed t\u00e9ma zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.\u00a0[43]<\/p>\n

Ke\u00a0kampani Evropsk\u00fd den melanomu <\/strong>se \u010cesk\u00e1 republika p\u0159ipojila v\u00a0roce\u00a02001. C\u00edlem tohoto projektu je prevence rakoviny k\u016f\u017ee, a\u00a0to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bezplatn\u00e9ho vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mate\u0159sk\u00fdch znam\u00e9nek a\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed osv\u011bty. Evropsk\u00fd den melanomu\u00a0(Euromelanoma) vznikl z\u00a0iniciativy belgick\u00e9ho dermatologa Thomase Maselise, kter\u00fd se sv\u00fdmi kolegy uspo\u0159\u00e1dal prvn\u00ed screeningov\u00fd den zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na\u00a0prevenci melanomu, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e byla vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1na mate\u0159sk\u00e1 znam\u00e9nka a\u00a0prob\u00edhala osv\u011bta. Tento koncept se rychle roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il do\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Kampa\u0148 se kon\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b v kv\u011btnu, m\u011bs\u00edci, kter\u00fd v\u00a0Evrop\u011b p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed letn\u00edm pr\u00e1zdnin\u00e1m a\u00a0rekrea\u010dn\u00edm aktivit\u00e1m pod\u00a0sluncem. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok je z\u00e1rove\u0148 stanoveno jednotn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi.\u00a0[44]<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou ve\u0159ejnou akc\u00ed se stal Pochod proti rakovin\u011b prsu<\/strong>, v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9m pov\u011bdom\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako r\u016f\u017eov\u00fd pochod, kter\u00fd se kon\u00e1 od\u00a0roku\u00a02001. Jeho hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem je zvy\u0161ovat pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0karcinomu prsu, podporovat v\u010dasnou diagnostiku onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, vyjad\u0159ovat solidaritu pacientk\u00e1m s\u00a0uvedenou diagn\u00f3zou i\u00a0jejich rodin\u00e1m a\u00a0z\u00edsk\u00e1vat finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na\u00a0preventivn\u00ed a\u00a0podp\u016frn\u00e9 programy. Symbolickou vstupenkou na\u00a0tuto charitativn\u00ed akci je r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9 tri\u010dko, kter\u00e9 si \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci mohou zakoupit (k\u00a0dispozici b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jeho \u0161ed\u00e1 varianta pro mu\u017ee). Do\u00a0kampan\u011b se pravideln\u011b zapojuje \u0159ada zn\u00e1m\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed z kulturn\u00edho a\u00a0spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota a\u00a0sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pochodu je rovn\u011b\u017e doprovodn\u00fd kulturn\u00ed program.\u00a0[45]<\/p>\n

    \n
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    \r\n

    Citace<\/h2>\r\n

    SUR\u00c1, Alexandra. . L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna<\/i>. Online. 2026, ro\u010d. 31, \u010d. 1-2. ISSN 1804-2031. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9618<\/a> [cit. 05.11.2026].\r\n<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mgr. Alexandra Sur\u00e1, Ph.D., NLK Prvn\u00ed dek\u00e1da\u00a021.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se nesla ve znamen\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 integrace, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho r\u016fstu, modernizace zdravotnictv\u00ed a\u00a0rychl\u00e9ho rozvoje informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed byl vstup \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky do\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0roce\u00a02004. \u010cesk\u00e1\u00a0republika p\u0159ijala dlouhodob\u00fd program zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotn\u00edho stavu obyvatelstva s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Zdrav\u00ed\u00a021.\u00a0[1,\u00a02]Tento program byl vypracov\u00e1n na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b deklarace Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace\u00a0(WHO) z\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a01998 s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Health\u00a021\u00a0(21\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f pro\u00a021.\u00a0stolet\u00ed). Jeho hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podm\u00ednek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":0,"parent":9614,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-9618","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","tag-clanky"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"en","enabled_languages":["cs","en"],"languages":{"cs":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9618"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9824,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9618\/revisions\/9824"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casopis.nlk.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}